SuperAPI AI Directory

budget-variance-analysis

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Updated 10-16 08:44

About this skill

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On first use: Read ../../CLAUDE.md to obtain scenario-level configuration (budget account system/controllability classification).


/budget-variance-analysis — Budget Variance Analysis

Examples

→ Example: The user says "Help me analyze the main reasons why selling expenses exceeded budget this month." The system should invoke this skill and perform a selling expense budget variance analysis.

→ Example: The user says "The gross margin is 3 points off budget, and the business says it is due to a change in product mix. Help me verify." The system should invoke this skill to distinguish the impact of product mix and price factors on gross margin.

→ Example: The user says "Help us compare the budget execution of the three business units and do a horizontal comparison." The system should invoke this skill to perform a cross-business-unit horizontal comparison analysis of budget execution.

Variance decomposition principles

总差异 = 实际 - 预算

费用类差异分解:
  总差异 = 开支差异 + 效率差异

  开支差异 = 实际开支 - 预算开支
  → 反映价格/单价变化(预算里单位价格 vs 实际单位价格)

  效率差异 = 预算单价 × (实际用量 - 预算用量)
  → 反映用量变化(预算用量 vs 实际用量)

制造类差异分解:
  总差异 = 销量差异 + 价格差异

  销量差异 = (实际销量 - 预算销量) × 预算单价
  价格差异 = 实际销量 × (实际单价 - 预算单价)

  → 注:费用分析时,"销量"替换为"业务量"(如服务次数/项目数)

Step 1: Calculate variance

Obtain data:

从 [ERP] 获取:
  - 实际发生额(Total Actual)
  - 实际用量(如有,数量级数据)
  - 实际单价

从 [BK] 获取:
  - 预算金额
  - 预算用量
  - 预算单价

Calculate variance:

总差异 = 实际发生额 - 预算金额

开支差异 = 实际发生额 - 预算单价 × 实际用量
  → 如果为正:实际比预算"贵"了

效率差异 = 预算单价 × (实际用量 - 预算用量)
  → 如果为正:实际用量比预算"多"了

验证:开支差异 + 效率差异 = 总差异(允许 ±1 元误差)

Step 2: Cause classification

Common variance cause library

Controllable causes (management can intervene):

1. 采购策略变化(未及时货比三家)
2. 人员加班过多(加班费超预算)
3. 供应商涨价(合同到期后新合同价格更高)
4. 业务范围扩大(原预算未覆盖新业务)
5. 审批不严(超标采购未经充分审批)

Uncontrollable causes (external factors):

1. 市场价格上涨(原材料/汇率/租金等)
2. 政策法规变化(社保基数调整/新税收政策)
3. 突发业务需求(重要客户紧急需求)
4. 不可抗力(疫情/自然灾害影响)

Budget preparation causes (the original budget itself has problems):

1. 预算编制时数据不准确(基数错误)
2. 预算假设过于乐观(市场环境变化)
3. 预算覆盖不完整(遗漏必要支出项)

Step 3: Determine the nature of overspending

Determination process

第一步:差异原因归类

原因属于"不可控"还是"可控"?
  → 不可控:倾向于接受超支,但须记录说明
  → 可控:倾向于要求整改

第二步:判断是否有业务回报

有明确业务回报(战略性超支):
  → 评估超支金额 vs 预期回报
  → 回报 > 超支金额:可接受
  → 回报 ≤ 超支金额:需重新评估

无明确业务回报:
  → 不可接受,须整改

第三步:给出处理建议

战略性超支(可接受):
  → 附条件批准超支
  → 须在年内通过其他科目弥补
  → 下期预算时调整基数

失控超支(不可接受):
  → 不批准新的超支申请
  → 要求提交整改计划
  → 可能影响该部门下期预算

Step 4: Output analysis report

═══════════════════════════════════════
预算差异分析报告
分析科目:[部门/科目名称]
分析期间:[YYYY年MM月]
═══════════════════════════════════════

【数据汇总】

预算金额:[X,XXX万元]
实际发生额:[X,XXX万元]
总差异:[XXX万元]([+X% / -X%])

差异分解:
  开支差异:[XXX万元] — [超支/节约]
  效率差异:[XXX万元] — [超支/节约]
  合计验证:✅ 差异匹配 / ❌ 差异不匹配

【差异原因分析】

主要原因:[最核心的原因]
次要原因:[次要原因]

原因归类:
  [X%] 可控原因:[原因描述]
  [X%] 不可控原因:[原因描述]
  [X%] 预算编制原因:[原因描述]

超支性质判断:
  [ ] 战略性超支(有明确业务回报)
  [ ] 失控超支(无正当理由)
  [ ] 混合超支(部分可控)

【业务回报评估】(如为战略性超支)

超支金额:[XXX万元]
预期回报:[具体业务回报描述]
回报评估:[回报 > 超支 / 回报 ≤ 超支]

【处理建议】

建议类型:
  [ ] 批准超支(附条件)
  [ ] 不批准超支
  [ ] 提交整改计划
  [ ] 提交预算调整申请

具体建议:
  1. [建议一]
  2. [建议二]

补救措施(如批准超支):
  → 建议从以下科目弥补:[科目名称] [金额]
  → 弥补时限:[YYYY-MM-DD]

═══════════════════════════════════════
置信度:[✅ 高 / ⚠️ 中 / 🔴 低]
处理结论:[✅ 可批准 / ⚠️ 附条件批准 / ❌ 不批准]
═══════════════════════════════════════

Escalation trigger conditions

  • Over-budget amount > [fill in: e.g., 500,000 yuan]
  • Variance > 20% and no controllable cause
  • The same account is over budget for 3 consecutive months
  • Suspected budget fraud (execution rate is just around 100%, or spending is concentrated at quarter-end)
  • Disagreement on the determination of the nature of overspending (the department and the finance manager have differing opinions)

Finance Skills — budget-variance-analysis atomic skill