PostgreSQL 最佳实践模式(PostgreSQL Patterns)是一份 PostgreSQL 最佳实践的快速参考。如需详细指导,请使用 database-reviewer 智能体。
何时激活
- 编写 SQL 查询或迁移脚本
- 设计数据库架构(Schema)
- 排查慢查询问题
- 实现行级安全性(Row Level Security,RLS)
- 设置连接池(Connection Pooling)
索引速查表
| 查询模式 | 索引类型 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| WHERE col = value | B-tree(默认) | CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col) |
| WHERE col > value | B-tree | CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col) |
| WHERE a = x AND b > y | 复合索引(Composite) | CREATE INDEX idx ON t (a, b) |
| WHERE jsonb @> '{}' | GIN | CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col) |
| WHERE tsv @@ query | GIN | CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col) |
| 时间序列范围 | BRIN | CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING brin (col) |
数据类型快速参考
| 用例 | 正确类型 | 应避免 |
|---|---|---|
| ID | bigint | int、随机 UUID |
| 字符串 | text | varchar(255) |
| 时间戳 | timestamptz | timestamp |
| 金额 | numeric(10,2) | float |
| 标记位(Flags) | boolean | varchar、int |
常用模式
复合索引顺序
等值列(Equality columns)在前,范围列(Range columns)在后:
-- 等值列(Equality columns)在前,范围列(Range columns)在后
CREATE INDEX idx ON orders (status, created_at);
-- 适用于:WHERE status = 'pending' AND created_at > '2024-01-01'
覆盖索引(Covering Index)
CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) INCLUDE (name, created_at);
-- 避免在执行 SELECT email, name, created_at 时进行回表查询 (Table lookup)
部分索引(Partial Index)
CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
-- 索引更小,仅包含活跃用户
RLS 策略(优化版)
CREATE POLICY policy ON orders
USING ((SELECT auth.uid()) = user_id); -- 包装在 SELECT 中!
UPSERT(更新或插入)
INSERT INTO settings (user_id, key, value)
VALUES (123, 'theme', 'dark')
ON CONFLICT (user_id, key)
DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;
游标分页(Cursor Pagination)
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id > $last_id ORDER BY id LIMIT 20;
-- O(1) 复杂度,优于 O(n) 的 OFFSET
队列处理(Queue Processing)
UPDATE jobs SET status = 'processing'
WHERE id = (
SELECT id FROM jobs WHERE status = 'pending'
ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 1
FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
) RETURNING *;
反模式检测(Anti-Pattern Detection)
-- 查找未建立索引的外键
SELECT conrelid::regclass, a.attname
FROM pg_constraint c
JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(c.conkey)
WHERE c.contype = 'f'
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM pg_index i
WHERE i.indrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
);
-- 查找慢查询
SELECT query, mean_exec_time, calls
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE mean_exec_time > 100
ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;
-- 检查表膨胀 (Table Bloat)
SELECT relname, n_dead_tup, last_vacuum
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE n_dead_tup > 1000
ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;
配置模板
-- 连接限制 (根据 RAM 调整)
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 100;
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '8MB';
-- 超时设置
ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '30s';
ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';
-- 监控
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;
-- 安全默认值
REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM public;
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
相关资源
- 智能体(Agent):database-reviewer - 完整数据库审查工作流
- 技能(Skill):clickhouse-io - ClickHouse 分析模式
- 技能(Skill):backend-patterns - API 和后端模式
基于 Supabase 智能体技能(Supabase Agent Skills)(致谢:Supabase 团队)(MIT 许可证)。