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Citation Styles

Writing & research

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Updated 10-16 08:08

About this skill

Citation Styles Reference

When to Read This Skill

Read this skill when the user asks to:

  • Format citations in a specific style (APA, IEEE, Harvard, MLA, Chicago, GB/T)
  • Generate a reference list or bibliography
  • Convert citations between styles
  • Check citation format correctness
  • Format Chinese-language references

Default: If the user says "just pick one," use APA 7th (most widely accepted).

1. APA 7th Edition (American Psychological Association)

In-text Citation

Pattern Example
Parenthetical (Smith, 2024)
Narrative Smith (2024)
Two authors (Smith & Jones, 2024) / Smith and Jones (2024)
3+ authors (Smith et al., 2024) / Smith et al. (2024)
Multiple works (Chen, 2023; Smith, 2024)
Direct quote (Smith, 2024, p. 15)
Organization (World Health Organization [WHO], 2024) — first use; (WHO, 2024) — subsequent

Reference List Templates

Journal Article

{LastName}, {Initials}., {LastName2}, {Initials2}., & {LastNameN}, {InitialsN}. ({Year}). {Article title: Only first word and proper nouns capitalized}. {Journal Name in Italic}, {Volume}({Issue}), {StartPage}-{EndPage}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Zhang, L., Wang, R., & Chen, H. (2024). Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction. Nature Methods, 21(3), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5

Book

{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Book title: Sentence case in italic} ({Edition} ed.). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Creswell, J. W. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Book Chapter

{ChapterAuthor}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Chapter title}. In {EditorInitials} {EditorLastName} (Ed.), {Book title in italic} (pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Liu, M. (2024). Neural network architectures. In R. Chen & S. Wang (Eds.), Advances in artificial intelligence (pp. 45-78). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12345-6_3

Conference Paper

{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Paper title}. In {Proceedings title in italic} (pp. {Pages}). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Kim, J., & Park, S. (2024). Transformer models for scientific text mining. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL (pp. 1234-1245). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.123

Preprint

{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Title}. {Archive Name}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Li, X., & Zhou, Y. (2024). Self-supervised learning for molecular property prediction. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2024.01234

Website

{Author or Organization}. ({Year, Month Day}). {Page title in italic}. {Site Name}. {URL}

National Institutes of Health. (2024, March 15). Climate change and human health research. https://www.nih.gov/climate-health

Dataset

{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Dataset title} (Version {X}) [Data set]. {Repository}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Johnson, A. E. W. (2023). MIMIC-IV clinical database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. PhysioNet. https://doi.org/10.13026/6mm1-ek67

Key Rules

  • Hanging indent (0.5 in / 1.27 cm) for each entry
  • DOI formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/xxxxx
  • List up to 20 authors; for 21+, list first 19, then ... then last author
  • Use & before the last author (not "and")
  • Sentence case for article/chapter/book titles; title case for journal names
  • Alphabetical order by first author's last name
  • Same-author-same-year: append a, b, c (Smith, 2024a; Smith, 2024b)

2. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

In-text Citation

Pattern Example
Single [1]
Multiple [1], [3]
Range [1]-[5]
With context As shown in [1], the method...

References are numbered in order of first appearance in the text.

Reference List Templates

Journal Article

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Article title}," {Journal Name in Italic}, vol. {Vol}, no. {Issue}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}, {Month} {Year}, doi: {DOI}.

[1] L. Zhang and R. Wang, "Deep learning for protein folding," Nature Methods, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 245-260, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Conference Paper

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Paper title}," in {Proc. Conference Name in Italic}, {City}, {State/Country}, {Year}, pp. {Pages}, doi: {DOI}.

[2] J. Kim and S. Park, "Transformer models for NLP," in Proc. 62nd Annu. Meeting ACL, Bangkok, Thailand, 2024, pp. 1234-1245, doi: 10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.123.

Book

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, {Book Title in Italic}, {Edition} ed. {City}, {State/Country}: {Publisher}, {Year}.

[3] J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE, 2023.

Online Source

[{N}] {Author/Organization}, "{Page title}," {Website Name}, {Date}. [Online]. Available: {URL}. [Accessed: {Date}].

[4] National Institutes of Health, "Climate change and health," NIH Research, Mar. 15, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.nih.gov/climate-health. [Accessed: Mar. 20, 2024].

Technical Report

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Report title}," {Institution}, {City}, {State/Country}, Rep. {Number}, {Year}.

[5] A. B. Smith, "Performance analysis of 5G networks," MIT Lincoln Lab., Lexington, MA, USA, Rep. TR-2024-01, 2024.

Patent

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Patent title}," {Country} Patent {Number}, {Month} {Day}, {Year}.

[6] J. Chen, "Method for neural signal processing," U.S. Patent 11 234 567, Jan. 15, 2024.

Key Rules

  • Abbreviated first names: J. Smith (not John Smith)
  • Article/chapter titles in "double quotes"
  • Book and journal titles in italic
  • Abbreviate journal names per IEEE standard (e.g., IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.)
  • Abbreviate months: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, Jun., Jul., Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov., Dec.
  • All authors listed (no "et al." in reference list; use "et al." only for 7+ authors)
  • Numbered sequentially — order of first citation, not alphabetical

3. Harvard (Author-Date)

In-text Citation

Pattern Example
Parenthetical (Smith 2024)
Narrative Smith (2024)
Two authors (Smith and Jones 2024)
3+ authors (Smith et al. 2024)
Multiple works (Chen 2023; Smith 2024)
Direct quote (Smith 2024, p. 15)
No date (Smith n.d.)

Note: No comma between author and year (unlike APA).

Reference List Templates

Journal Article

{LastName}, {Initials}., {LastName2}, {Initials2}. and {LastNameN}, {InitialsN}. {Year}. {Article title}. {Journal Name in Italic}, {Volume}({Issue}), pp.{StartPage}-{EndPage}. doi:{DOI}.

Zhang, L., Wang, R. and Chen, H. 2024. Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction. Nature Methods, 21(3), pp.245-260. doi:10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Book

{LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Book Title in Italic}. {Edition} ed. {Place}: {Publisher}.

Creswell, J.W. 2023. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Book Chapter

{LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Chapter title}. In: {EditorLastName}, {Initials}. ed(s). {Book Title in Italic}. {Place}: {Publisher}, pp.{StartPage}-{EndPage}.

Liu, M. 2024. Neural network architectures. In: Chen, R. and Wang, S. eds. Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Berlin: Springer, pp.45-78.

Conference Paper

{LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Paper title}. In: {Conference Name in Italic}. {Place}, {Date}. {Publisher}, pp.{Pages}.

Kim, J. and Park, S. 2024. Transformer models for scientific text mining. In: 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL. Bangkok, 12-17 Aug. 2024. ACL, pp.1234-1245.

Web Page

{Author/Organization}. {Year}. {Title in Italic}. [online] Available at: {URL} [Accessed {Day} {Month} {Year}].

National Institutes of Health. 2024. Climate Change and Human Health Research. [online] Available at: https://www.nih.gov/climate-health [Accessed 20 Mar. 2024].

Key Rules

  • Alphabetical order by first author's last name
  • No numbering — entries not numbered
  • Year immediately after author name (not in parentheses in reference list)
  • "and" between authors (not "&")
  • Include [Accessed date] for all online sources
  • Title case for book titles; sentence case varies by institution — follow target journal's guide
  • Harvard has no single governing body — minor variations exist across institutions

4. MLA 9th Edition (Modern Language Association)

In-text Citation

Pattern Example
Parenthetical (Smith 15)
Narrative Smith argues that "..." (15)
Two authors (Smith and Jones 15)
3+ authors (Smith et al. 15)
No page number (Smith)
Multiple works (Smith 12; Jones 34)
No author ("Article Title" 15)

Note: No comma between author and page number. No "p." before page number.

Works Cited Templates

MLA uses a containers model: each source sits inside one or more containers (journal, website, database).

Core template:

{Author}. "{Source Title}." {Container Title in Italic}, {Other Contributors}, {Version}, {Number}, {Publisher}, {Date}, {Location (pages/URL/DOI)}.

Journal Article

{LastName}, {FirstName}, {FirstName2} {LastName2}, and {FirstNameN} {LastNameN}. "{Article Title}." {Journal Name in Italic}, vol. {Vol}, no. {Issue}, {Year}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}. {Database in Italic}, {DOI or URL}.

Zhang, Li, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen. "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction." Nature Methods, vol. 21, no. 3, 2024, pp. 245-60. Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Book

{LastName}, {FirstName}. {Book Title in Italic}. {Edition}, {Publisher}, {Year}.

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 6th ed., SAGE Publications, 2023.

Book Chapter

{LastName}, {FirstName}. "{Chapter Title}." {Book Title in Italic}, edited by {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName}, {Publisher}, {Year}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}.

Liu, Min. "Neural Network Architectures." Advances in Artificial Intelligence, edited by Rui Chen and Shuai Wang, Springer, 2024, pp. 45-78.

Website

{Author}. "{Page Title}." {Site Name in Italic}, {Publisher (if different from site name)}, {Day} {Month} {Year}, {URL}.

"Climate Change and Human Health Research." National Institutes of Health, 15 Mar. 2024, www.nih.gov/climate-health.

Film / Video

{Title in Italic}. Directed by {Director Name}, {Production Company}, {Year}.

Oppenheimer. Directed by Christopher Nolan, Universal Pictures, 2023.

Key Rules

  • Title case for all titles
  • Article/chapter/webpage titles in "double quotes"
  • Book/journal/website names in italic
  • Full first names (not initials) for authors
  • No year in parenthetical in-text citation — use page numbers
  • Works Cited list alphabetized by author last name
  • Hanging indent, double-spaced
  • Abbreviate months (except May, June, July): Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
  • Shorten page ranges: 245-60 (not 245-260) for numbers above 100

5. Chicago 17th Edition (Notes-Bibliography)

Chicago has two systems. This section covers Notes-Bibliography (used in humanities). For Author-Date (used in sciences), follow a pattern similar to Harvard/APA.

In-text: Footnotes/Endnotes

First reference gets a full note; subsequent references use a shortened note.

Type Format
Full note {N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, {rest of citation}.
Short note {N}. {LastName}, {Short Title}, {Page}.
Ibid. (immediately repeated) {N}. Ibid., {Page}.

Note Templates (Full) vs Bibliography Templates

Journal Article

Note (full):

{N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, "{Article Title}," {Journal Name in Italic} {Volume}, no. {Issue} ({Year}): {Pages}, https://doi.org/{DOI}.
  1. Li Zhang, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen, "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction," Nature Methods 21, no. 3 (2024): 245-260, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Note (short):

2. Zhang, Wang, and Chen, "Deep Learning Approaches," 250.

Bibliography:

{LastName}, {FirstName}, {FirstName2} {LastName2}, and {FirstNameN} {LastNameN}. "{Article Title}." {Journal in Italic} {Volume}, no. {Issue} ({Year}): {Pages}. https://doi.org/{DOI}.

Zhang, Li, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen. "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction." Nature Methods 21, no. 3 (2024): 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Book

Note (full):

{N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, {Title in Italic} ({Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}), {Page}.
  1. John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 6th ed. (Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023), 112.

Note (short):

4. Creswell, Research Design, 115.

Bibliography:

{LastName}, {FirstName}. {Title in Italic}. {Edition} ed. {Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}.

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023.

Book Chapter

Note (full):

{N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, "{Chapter Title}," in {Book Title in Italic}, ed. {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName} ({Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}), {Pages}.
  1. Min Liu, "Neural Network Architectures," in Advances in Artificial Intelligence, ed. Rui Chen and Shuai Wang (Berlin: Springer, 2024), 45-78.

Bibliography:

{LastName}, {FirstName}. "{Chapter Title}." In {Book Title in Italic}, edited by {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName}, {Pages}. {Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}.

Liu, Min. "Neural Network Architectures." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence, edited by Rui Chen and Shuai Wang, 45-78. Berlin: Springer, 2024.

Website

Note (full):

{N}. {Author/Organization}, "{Page Title}," {Site Name}, {Date}, {URL}.
  1. National Institutes of Health, "Climate Change and Human Health Research," NIH, March 15, 2024, https://www.nih.gov/climate-health.

Bibliography:

{Author/Organization}. "{Page Title}." {Site Name}. {Date}. {URL}.

National Institutes of Health. "Climate Change and Human Health Research." NIH. March 15, 2024. https://www.nih.gov/climate-health.

Key Rules

  • First note = full citation; subsequent = shortened (LastName, Short Title, page)
  • "Ibid." only when citing the same source as the immediately preceding note
  • Bibliography alphabetized by last name, hanging indent
  • Full first names in notes; last-name-first only for first author in bibliography
  • "and" between authors (not "&")
  • Publication details in parentheses in notes; no parentheses in bibliography
  • Page ranges: use full numbers (245-260, not 245-60)

6. GB/T 7714-2015 (Chinese National Standard)

In-text citation

Numeric citation system(Commonly used in science and engineering)

Mode Example
Single [1]
Multiple consecutive [1-3]
Multiple non-consecutive [1,3,5]
Citation page numbers [1]^{23-25} or annotated in the text

Author-date system(Commonly used in social sciences)

Mode Example
Single author (张三, 2024) or (Smith, 2024)
Two authors (张三 and 李四, 2024) or (Smith and Jones, 2024)
Three or more authors (张三等, 2024) or (Smith et al., 2024)
Multiple (Zhang San, 2023; Li Si, 2024)

Document type identifier (required)

Identifier Type English
[J] Journal article Journal article
[M] Monograph/book Monograph/Book
[D] Dissertation/thesis Dissertation/Thesis
[C] Conference paper Conference paper
[EB/OL] Electronic resource (online) Electronic resource (online)
[N] Newspaper article Newspaper article
[S] Standard Standard
[P] Patent Patent
[R] Report Report
[Z] Other Other

Reference templates

Journal article [J]

[{序号}] {作者}. {文章题名}[J]. {刊名}, {年}, {卷}({期}): {起始页码}-{终止页码}. DOI:{DOI}.

[1] Zhang Lei, Wang Rui, Chen Hua. Research on Protein Structure Prediction Methods Based on Deep Learning [J]. Chinese Journal of Computers, 2024, 47(3): 245-260. DOI:10.11897/SP.J.1016.2024.00245.

English journal article [J]

[2] ZHANG L, WANG R, CHEN H. Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction[J]. Nature Methods, 2024, 21(3): 245-260. DOI:10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Monograph/book [M]

[{序号}] {作者}. {书名}[M]. {版本 (第1版不标注)}. {出版地}: {出版者}, {出版年}: {引用页码}.

[3] Chen Wei. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence [M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2024: 112-135.

[4] CRESWELL J W. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches[M]. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023.

Dissertation/thesis [D]

[{序号}] {作者}. {论文题名}[D]. {保存地}: {保存单位}, {年份}.

[5] Li Xiaoming. Research on Drug Molecule Design Based on Graph Neural Networks [D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2024.

Conference paper [C]

[{序号}] {作者}. {论文题名}[C]// {会议论文集名}. {出版地}: {出版者}, {年}: {页码}.

[6] Wang Qiang, Zhao Li. Application of Large Language Models in Scientific Discovery [C]// Proceedings of the 23rd China National Conference on Computational Linguistics. Harbin: Chinese Information Processing Society of China, 2024: 45-52.

English conference paper [C]

[7] KIM J, PARK S. Transformer models for scientific text mining[C]// Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL. Bangkok: ACL, 2024: 1234-1245.

Electronic resource [EB/OL]

[{序号}] {作者}. {题名}[EB/OL]. ({发表或更新日期})[{引用日期}]. {URL}. DOI:{DOI}.

[8] National Natural Science Foundation of China. 2024 Project Guidelines [EB/OL]. (2024-01-15)[2024-03-20]. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab442/info92345.htm.

Newspaper article [N]

[{序号}] {作者}. {题名}[N]. {报纸名}, {出版日期}({版次}).

[9] Zhang Wei. Artificial Intelligence Empowers Basic Scientific Research [N]. Science and Technology Daily, 2024-03-15(001).

Standard [S]

[{序号}] {标准号} {标准名称}[S]. {出版地}: {出版者}, {年}.

[10] GB/T 7714-2015 Information and Documentation—Rules for Bibliographic References and Citations to Information Resources [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2015.

Patent [P]

[{序号}] {专利申请者或所有者}. {专利题名}: {专利号}[P]. {公告日期或公开日期}.

[11] Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. A Neural Network Model Compression Method: CN202410123456.7[P]. 2024-06-15.

Key rules

  • Document type identifierMust be marked in square brackets after the title, e.g. [J]、[M]
  • Author names: Chinese names are written in full; English names are written with the surname first followed by initials (ZHANG L) and all in uppercase
  • 3 or more authors: list the first 3, followed by "等" (Chinese) or "et al." (English)
  • DOI: references with a DOI must include the DOI
  • Citation date: electronic resources [EB/OL] must include the citation date, format [YYYY-MM-DD]
  • Page numbers: use start and end page numbers, separated by a hyphen
  • 1st editionDo not indicate the edition; indicate 2nd edition and above

Rules for mixed Chinese and English typesetting

  • In English references, author names are all uppercase:SMITH J, JONES R M
  • In Chinese references, author names are written normally:张磊, 王锐
  • In the same reference list, Chinese and English references are arranged by a unified numbering
  • Sequential numbering system: arranged in citation order, without distinguishing Chinese and English
  • Author-date system: when Chinese and English are mixed, usually Chinese comes first and English after, each sorted by pinyin/letters
  • For English reference titles, capitalize the first letter of the first word and lowercase the rest (unless proper nouns)
  • For Chinese analytic references use // to connect the host document (such as conference proceedings); for English use In: or //

Quick Comparison Table

Feature APA 7 IEEE Harvard MLA 9 Chicago 17 GB/T 7714
In-text (Author, Year) [1] (Author Year) (Author Page) Footnote [1] or (author, year)
Order Alphabetical Appearance Alphabetical Alphabetical Alphabetical Appearance or alphabetical
Author format LastName, I. I. LastName LastName, I. LastName, First FirstName Last Full name/LAST I
"And" & — and and and , (comma)
3+ authors (in-text) et al. — et al. et al. — et al.
DOI https://doi.org/... doi: ... doi:... URL or DOI https://doi.org/... DOI:...
Typical field Social sciences Engineering UK/AU general Humanities History/Arts China (all fields)