Effects are an escape hatch from React. They let you synchronize with external systems. If there is no external system involved, you shouldn't need an Effect.
Quick Reference
| Situation | DON'T | DO |
|---|---|---|
| Derived state from props/state | useState + useEffect |
Calculate during render |
| Expensive calculations | useEffect to cache |
useMemo |
| Reset state on prop change | useEffect with setState |
key prop |
| User event responses | useEffect watching state |
Event handler directly |
| Notify parent of changes | useEffect calling onChange |
Call in event handler |
| Fetch data | useEffect without cleanup |
useEffect with cleanup OR framework |
When You DO Need Effects
- Synchronizing with external systems (non-React widgets, browser APIs)
- Subscriptions to external stores (use
useSyncExternalStorewhen possible) - Analytics/logging that runs because component displayed
- Data fetching with proper cleanup (or use framework's built-in mechanism)
When You DON'T Need Effects
- Transforming data for rendering - Calculate at top level, re-runs automatically
- Handling user events - Use event handlers, you know exactly what happened
- Deriving state - Just compute it:
const fullName = firstName + ' ' + lastName - Chaining state updates - Calculate all next state in the event handler
Decision Tree
Need to respond to something?
├── User interaction (click, submit, drag)?
│ └── Use EVENT HANDLER
├── Component appeared on screen?
│ └── Use EFFECT (external sync, analytics)
├── Props/state changed and need derived value?
│ └── CALCULATE DURING RENDER
│ └── Expensive? Use useMemo
└── Need to reset state when prop changes?
└── Use KEY PROP on component
Detailed Guidance
- Anti-Patterns - Common mistakes with fixes
- Better Alternatives - useMemo, key prop, lifting state, useSyncExternalStore