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metautil-data-structures

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Updated 10-16 06:46

About this skill

Metautil Data Structures

Import from the package root. Prefer these ADTs over ad-hoc Array/Object when the discipline (FIFO, LIFO, persistence, schema) matters.

const metautil = require('metautil');
const { ConsList, cons, uncons, Struct, Deque, Queue, Stack } = metautil;
const { List, ListNode, CircularBuffer, UnrolledList, Trie } = metautil;

Choose the right structure

  • FIFO jobs / BFS / sliding failure window: Queue
  • LIFO undo / nested layers / brackets: Stack
  • Both ends O(1), capped window: Deque or CircularBuffer
  • Index + mid-sequence edit/move/group: List
  • Immutable history / branching / sharing: ConsList
  • Typed sealed/frozen records: Struct
  • Prefix autocomplete / string keys: Trie
  • Extreme enqueue/dequeue volume only: UnrolledList (no peek / interop)
  • Random access on a ring: CircularBuffer.at (not Deque)

Complexity and surface

  • CircularBuffer — ends O(1), index O(1) via at
  • Deque / Queue / Stack — ends O(1); no index (at only on buffer)
  • UnrolledList — ends O(1); no peek / interop
  • List — ends O(1), index O(n)
  • ConsList — prepend O(1), walk O(n)
  • Trie — string-key prefix map

Who has what (beyond size / isEmpty where present):

  • fromArray / toArray / iterator: all except UnrolledList (and Trie)
  • peek: Queue, Stack
  • at: CircularBuffer only
  • every / reduce: CircularBuffer, Deque, Stack (not Queue)
  • clear / includes: ring family + List + Trie.clear; not ConsList / UnrolledList

Interoperability

Convert through Array:

const list = List.fromArray([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
const queue = Queue.fromArray(list.filter((n) => n % 2 === 0).toArray());
const consList = ConsList.fromArray(queue.toArray());

Deque, Queue, and Stack are thin facades over CircularBuffer (same ring storage).

Struct

Schema is inferred from default literals. Immutable uses Object.freeze; mutable uses Object.seal. Class name becomes constructor.name. Statics: fields, schema, mutable.

  • undefined: schema unknown, accepts anything
  • null: schema ref, accepts null, object, function
  • [] / {}: schema array / object, accepts arrays / plain objects (fresh copy per instance)
  • primitive: schema typeof, accepts that primitive

null (ref) ≠ {} (object); arrays fail object and plain objects fail array.

const Money = Struct.immutable('Money', { currency: 'USD', amountCents: 0 });
const a = Money.create({ amountCents: 500 });
const b = a.fork({ amountCents: 700 }); // new frozen record
// a.update(...) throws; use fork or branch

const Reading = Struct.mutable('Reading', {
  deviceId: '',
  millicelsius: 0,
  processed: false,
});
const r = new Reading({ deviceId: 'sensor-7' });
r.update({ processed: true }); // in-place, mutable only
  • fork(updates) — full shallow copy via toObject() + updates (independent instance)
  • branch(updates) — Object.create(this) overlay; cheap sharing of unset fields
  • On a mutable branch, update only works for fields the branch itself defined
  • Unknown field or wrong type throws TypeError

ConsList

Immutable singly-linked cons cells with structural sharing. prepend is O(1); never mutate. ConsList.empty is a singleton (===).

const shared = ConsList.of(3, 4, 5);
const branch1 = shared.prepend(2).prepend(1); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
const branch2 = shared.prepend(99); // [99, 3, 4, 5]
// branch1.tail.tail === shared; branch2.tail === shared

const { value, tail } = branch1.uncons(); // same as uncons(branch1)
const rebuilt = cons(value, tail); // same as tail.prepend(value)

let history = ConsList.of('draft v1');
history = history.prepend('draft v2');
const undone = history.tail; // O(1) restore; suffix still shared
  • merge(...lists) — join in argument order; shares the last list as suffix; O(n) over all but the last
  • member(value) — first shared suffix whose head === value, or empty (not a boolean)
  • equals / includes — element-wise ===
  • Also: of / fromArray / fromIterable, map / filter / find / some / every, reverse, toArray
  • Empty reduce without seed throws TypeError; empty every is true

CircularBuffer / Deque / Queue / Stack

Growable power-of-two ring (initial capacity 16, doubles on full). End ops O(1); CircularBuffer.at(i) is O(1) (-1 = last). clear() resets capacity to initial.

const WINDOW = 5;
const trace = new Deque();
trace.push(point);
if (trace.size > WINDOW) trace.shift();

const q = Queue.fromArray(jobs);
q.enqueue(job);
const next = q.dequeue(); // undefined if empty
q.peek();

const undo = new Stack();
undo.push(command);
const last = undo.pop();
undo.peek();
  • CircularBuffer / Deque: unshift / push, shift / pop; index only on buffer via at
  • Queue: enqueue / dequeue / peek (front)
  • Stack: push / pop / peek (back)
  • Empty every is true; empty reduce without seed throws TypeError

List / ListNode

Mutable doubly-linked sequence. Ends O(1); index ops O(n). Public API is value/index based. Non-integer indexes are no-ops; negatives count from the end.

const route = List.of(a, b, c);
route.insert(1, rush);
route.move(from, to);
route.rotate(1); // default 1; positive = left
const { before, after } = route.splitAt(2);
const byZone = route.groupBy((stop) => stop.zone);
const removed = route.remove(x, y); // count removed
route.sum((x) => x.cents);

Mutating vs copying:

  • Mutate: append / prepend / insert / delete / drop / rotate / swap / move / reverse / sort / replace / clear
  • Copy: take / slice / splitAt / map / flatMap / filter / toReversed / toSorted / clone / merge
  • take / slice return null for empty range, take(0), or bad bounds; drop mutates in place
  • insert clamps out-of-range indexes; delete / swap / move out-of-range are no-ops
  • reduce(fn, initial) — initial is required (unlike ConsList / CircularBuffer)
  • avg on empty is 0; min / max on empty are undefined
  • Also: at / set, indexOf / lastIndexOf, includes, some / every / find / findIndex

ListNode is low-level (create / append / prepend / unlink / seek / fromArray / copy / link) for custom structures that own head/tail/size. seek non-integer returns null. Do not mutate prev/next of nodes owned by a List.

UnrolledList

High-throughput FIFO: pooled fixed-size array nodes. Use when volume is high and you only need enqueue/dequeue.

const pending = new UnrolledList({ nodeSize: 256, poolSize: 4 });
pending.enqueue(task);
let task = pending.dequeue();
while (task !== undefined) {
  task();
  task = pending.dequeue();
}
  • Defaults: nodeSize: 1024, poolSize: 2
  • Raise nodeSize for larger bursts; raise poolSize if drain/refill churns nodes
  • No peek, fromArray, iterator, or includes
  • enqueue(undefined) is a real item — empty dequeue() is indistinguishable from that value

Trie

Prefix tree for string keys.

const trie = new Trie();
trie.insert('cat');
trie.insert('car', 42);
trie.insert('gone', undefined);
trie.has('gone'); // true — present; get returns undefined
trie.get('car'); // 42
trie.complete('ca'); // order may vary
trie.delete('car'); // prunes empty branches
  • Default value is true when omitted; re-insert same key does not bump size
  • Empty string '' is a valid key
  • insert non-string throws TypeError; has / get / delete non-string soft-fail (false / undefined / false)
  • Use has to distinguish missing from stored undefined

Contracts

  • Empty pop / dequeue / shift return undefined
  • Empty reduce without seed throws TypeError (ConsList / CircularBuffer family); List always needs a seed
  • Equality / includes / member use strict === (NaN does not match)
  • Prefer structure APIs over inventing Array adapters; convert via toArray / fromArray when crossing types