webgpu-impl-multipass

WebGPU Multi-Pass Rendering

Chain several render passes so earlier passes write intermediate render textures that later passes sample. Covers post-processing chains, deferred shading, shadow mapping, and ping-pong buffers on WebGPU 1.0-stable (Chrome 113+, Safari 26+, Firefox 141+).

Quick Reference

Pass pattern	Earlier pass writes	Later pass reads	Key requirement
Post-process chain	Offscreen color texture	Full-screen quad samples it	Intermediate texture needs RENDER_ATTACHMENT | TEXTURE_BINDING
Ping-pong	Texture A (pass N)	Texture B (pass N+1)	Two textures, swap roles each pass
Deferred shading	G-buffer via MRT (multiple color attachments)	Lighting pass samples every G-buffer texture	Each G-buffer texture needs RENDER_ATTACHMENT | TEXTURE_BINDING
Shadow map	Depth-only texture from light view	Main pass samples with comparison sampler	Shadow pass uses depthStencilAttachment, no color attachments

Intermediate render texture usage: ALWAYS GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING. Without TEXTURE_BINDING the texture cannot be sampled in a later pass.

Decision Tree

Need more than one render pass?
├── Apply screen effects (bloom, tone-map, FXAA) to a finished image
│     -> Post-processing chain. Render scene to offscreen texture, run
│        full-screen quad passes, present last result to the canvas.
│     -> If an effect reads and writes the same logical image -> ping-pong two textures.
│
├── Many lights on complex geometry, decouple shading cost from geometry
│     -> Deferred shading. Geometry pass writes a G-buffer with MRT
│        (albedo, normal, depth/position, material). Lighting pass samples all of them.
│
└── Cast shadows from a light source
      -> Shadow mapping. Pass 1 renders scene depth from the light into a depth-only
         texture. Main pass binds that depth texture with a comparison sampler and
         uses textureSampleCompare in WGSL.

Core Patterns

Pattern 1: Intermediate texture usage flags

ALWAYS create an intermediate render texture with both RENDER_ATTACHMENT and TEXTURE_BINDING. NEVER omit TEXTURE_BINDING when a later pass samples the texture.

const sceneTexture = device.createTexture({
  label: "scene-color",
  size: [canvas.width, canvas.height],
  format: "rgba8unorm",
  usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
});

Pattern 2: Split passes for read after write

NEVER sample a texture inside the same render pass that still has it bound as a color or depth attachment. WebGPU validation rejects a bind group whose resource is also a writable attachment of the active pass. ALWAYS end the writing pass before a pass that samples its output.

const enc = device.createCommandEncoder();

const scenePass = enc.beginRenderPass({
  colorAttachments: [{ view: sceneTexture.createView(),
    loadOp: "clear", storeOp: "store", clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 1] }],
});
// draw scene
scenePass.end();                       // ALWAYS end before sampling sceneTexture

const postPass = enc.beginRenderPass({
  colorAttachments: [{ view: context.getCurrentTexture().createView(),
    loadOp: "clear", storeOp: "store", clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 1] }],
});
// postPass binds sceneTexture and samples it
postPass.end();

device.queue.submit([enc.finish()]);

Pattern 3: Full-screen quad without a vertex buffer

ALWAYS generate a full-screen pass with a 3-vertex oversized triangle from @builtin(vertex_index) in the vertex shader. NEVER bind a vertex buffer for a full-screen pass.

@vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) i : u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4f {
  let p = array(vec2f(-1, -1), vec2f(3, -1), vec2f(-1, 3));
  return vec4f(p[i], 0, 1);
}

Pattern 4: Ping-pong two textures

ALWAYS use two textures and swap their read/write roles each pass when an effect needs the previous result as input. NEVER reuse one texture as both the sampled input and the render attachment of a single pass.

let read = texA, write = texB;
for (const effect of effects) {
  const pass = enc.beginRenderPass({
    colorAttachments: [{ view: write.createView(),
      loadOp: "clear", storeOp: "store", clearValue: [0, 0, 0, 1] }],
  });
  // bind read as the sampled input, draw the full-screen triangle
  pass.end();
  [read, write] = [write, read];       // swap roles for the next pass
}

Pattern 5: Deferred shading G-buffer with MRT

ALWAYS render the G-buffer with one color attachment per channel (albedo, normal, position or material) in a single geometry pass. The pipeline fragment.targets count and formats MUST match the colorAttachments exactly.

const gbufferPass = enc.beginRenderPass({
  colorAttachments: [
    { view: albedoTex.createView(), loadOp: "clear", storeOp: "store" },
    { view: normalTex.createView(), loadOp: "clear", storeOp: "store" },
  ],
  depthStencilAttachment: { view: depthTex.createView(),
    depthClearValue: 1.0, depthLoadOp: "clear", depthStoreOp: "store" },
});

The fragment shader writes @location(0) albedo and @location(1) normal. The lighting pass is a full-screen pass that samples albedoTex, normalTex, and depthTex.

Pattern 6: Shadow-map pass setup

ALWAYS render the shadow pass into a depth-only texture with depthStencilAttachment and an empty colorAttachments array. The main pass binds that depth texture as texture_depth_2d with a "comparison" sampler and calls textureSampleCompare.

const shadowDepth = device.createTexture({
  label: "shadow-map",
  size: [2048, 2048],
  format: "depth32float",
  usage: GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING,
});

const shadowPass = enc.beginRenderPass({
  colorAttachments: [],                // shadow pass writes depth only
  depthStencilAttachment: { view: shadowDepth.createView(),
    depthClearValue: 1.0, depthLoadOp: "clear", depthStoreOp: "store" },
});
// render scene from the light's view-projection matrix
shadowPass.end();

Common Anti-Patterns

1. Sampling a texture in the same pass it is bound as an attachment. WebGPU validation rejects a bind group containing a resource that is simultaneously a writable color or depth attachment of the active pass, because the read/write ordering is undefined. Fix: end the writing pass first, or ping-pong two textures.

2. Missing TEXTURE_BINDING usage on an intermediate texture. A texture created with only RENDER_ATTACHMENT cannot appear in a bind group. The later sampling pass fails validation. Fix: ALWAYS add GPUTextureUsage.TEXTURE_BINDING.

3. Reusing one texture for read and write in the same pass. The pass overwrites the data it still needs to read, and validation rejects the bind group. Fix: ping-pong two textures and swap roles each pass.

Critical Warnings

• NEVER sample a texture while it is bound as a color or depth attachment of the active pass. Split the work into separate passes.
• NEVER omit TEXTURE_BINDING on a texture a later pass samples. RENDER_ATTACHMENT alone is insufficient.
• NEVER reuse a single texture as both the input and the output of one pass. Use ping-pong.
• NEVER finish a command encoder with a render pass still open. ALWAYS call pass.end() before the next beginRenderPass or encoder.finish().
• NEVER cache context.getCurrentTexture() or its view across frames. The swap-chain rotates textures; obtain the canvas texture fresh each frame in the final pass.
• ALWAYS put @invariant on the vertex @builtin(position) output when a later pass depends on bit-identical depth from an earlier pass (depth pre-pass with loadOp: "load" and depthCompare: "equal"). Without it, transforms can differ per pipeline and depth equality fails.

Reference Files

• references/methods.md : intermediate texture setup, the read-write hazard rule, ping-pong mechanics, deferred G-buffer layout, shadow-map pass setup.
• references/examples.md : verified working code for a post-process chain, a shadow-map pass plus main pass, and a ping-pong blur.
• references/anti-patterns.md : multi-pass mistakes with WHY-it-fails explanations.

Related skills:

• webgpu-impl-render-targets : render-pass descriptor fields, MRT attachment detail, MSAA.
• webgpu-impl-render-usecases : full-screen quad, screen-space effects, PBR setup.
• webgpu-syntax-textures : createTexture, usage flags, formats, texture views.
• webgpu-wgsl-textures : WGSL texture and sampler handle types per shader stage.