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Skillscrosstech-impl-ifc-to-threejs

crosstech-impl-ifc-to-threejs

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Updated 10-15 22:17

About this skill

crosstech-impl-ifc-to-threejs

Quick Reference

Technology Boundary

Aspect Side A: IFC / web-ifc Side B: Three.js
Data model IFC entities with properties, relationships, geometry Scene graph: Object3D, Mesh, BufferGeometry
Coordinate system Z-up (Z vertical, X/Y ground plane) Y-up (Y vertical, X/Z ground plane)
Geometry format Parametric (extruded solids, BREP, CSG) Tessellated triangles (BufferGeometry)
Properties IfcPropertySet, IfcElementQuantity via relationships NOT stored in scene graph — userData only
Materials IfcSurfaceStyle, IfcMaterialLayerSetUsage MeshPhongMaterial, MeshStandardMaterial
Identifiers expressID (integer per entity) Object3D.userData or Fragment index
Directionality IFC → Three.js (one-way rendering) No write-back to IFC

The Bridge: Two Approaches

Approach Package When to Use
@thatopen/components (recommended) @thatopen/components + @thatopen/components-front Production BIM viewers, rapid development
Custom web-ifc + Three.js web-ifc + three Full rendering control, existing Three.js apps

Critical Warnings

NEVER assume IFC properties exist in the Three.js scene graph. Properties are stored in the IFC model and MUST be queried via web-ifc or @thatopen/components APIs separately.

NEVER manually rotate the model by -90° around X when using web-ifc. web-ifc ALREADY transforms geometry from Z-up to Y-up internally. Applying a second rotation produces upside-down models.

NEVER use LoadAllGeometry for production models. It loads ALL geometry into memory at once. ALWAYS use StreamAllMeshes for incremental processing.

NEVER use a Three.js version different from the one pinned by @thatopen/components. Version mismatches cause silent rendering failures. ALWAYS verify with npm ls three.

NEVER forget to call ifcApi.CloseModel(modelID) when done. WASM memory is NOT garbage collected by JavaScript.

NEVER set the WASM path AFTER calling ifcApi.Init(). The path MUST be configured BEFORE initialization.

Technology Boundary Detail

Side A: IFC / web-ifc

IFC files contain parametric geometry, semantic properties, spatial hierarchy, and material definitions. web-ifc (v0.0.77) parses IFC via WebAssembly and provides:

  • Model loading: IfcAPI.OpenModel(data, settings) returns a modelID
  • Geometry extraction: StreamAllMeshes yields FlatMesh objects with vertex/index arrays
  • Property access: ifcApi.properties.getPropertySets(modelID, expressID) or manual GetLine
  • Spatial structure: ifcApi.properties.getSpatialStructure(modelID) returns the full hierarchy
  • Schema detection: ifcApi.GetModelSchema(modelID) returns "IFC2X3", "IFC4", or "IFC4X3"

Vertex data format from web-ifc: 6 floats per vertex (x, y, z, nx, ny, nz — position + normal interleaved).

Side B: Three.js Scene

Three.js (r160+) renders triangulated meshes via WebGL/WebGPU:

  • BufferGeometry: position attribute (Float32Array, 3 components), normal attribute (Float32Array, 3 components), index (Uint32Array)
  • Materials: MeshPhongMaterial or MeshStandardMaterial with color, opacity, transparency
  • Scene graph: Object3D hierarchy for spatial organization
  • Raycasting: Raycaster intersects meshes for element selection
  • Camera: PerspectiveCamera with OrbitControls for BIM navigation

The Bridge: Conversion Pipeline

IFC File (.ifc)
    │
    ▼
web-ifc (WASM) ─── parses IFC, tessellates geometry, transforms Z-up → Y-up
    │
    ├── Option A: @thatopen/components
    │   IFC → Fragments (Flatbuffers) → Three.js Scene
    │   Automatic: highlighting, hiding, clipping, properties
    │
    └── Option B: Custom pipeline
        StreamAllMeshes → BufferGeometry + Material → Three.js Scene
        Manual: raycasting, property panels, spatial hierarchy

Axis Convention Handling

Rule: web-ifc Handles the Transform

web-ifc converts IFC Z-up coordinates to Three.js Y-up coordinates internally during geometry extraction. The output of GetVertexArray is ALREADY in Y-up format.

When you MUST apply a manual transform:

  • Receiving coordinates from IfcOpenShell (server-side, Z-up output)
  • Reading raw IFC placement matrices without web-ifc processing
  • Importing point clouds or external meshes that use Z-up
// ONLY for Z-up data NOT processed by web-ifc
const rotationMatrix = new THREE.Matrix4().makeRotationX(-Math.PI / 2);
geometry.applyMatrix4(rotationMatrix);

COORDINATE_TO_ORIGIN Setting

web-ifc defaults COORDINATE_TO_ORIGIN: true, which centers geometry at the world origin. This removes real-world coordinates (easting/northing). If you need georeferenced positioning:

const modelID = ifcApi.OpenModel(data, {
  COORDINATE_TO_ORIGIN: false, // Keep original IFC coordinates
});

Essential Patterns

Pattern 1: @thatopen/components BIM Viewer (Recommended)

import * as OBC from "@thatopen/components";
import * as OBCF from "@thatopen/components-front";
import * as THREE from "three";

const components = new OBC.Components();
const worlds = components.get(OBC.Worlds);
const world = worlds.create<OBC.SimpleScene, OBC.SimpleCamera, OBC.SimpleRenderer>();

const container = document.getElementById("viewer")!;
world.renderer = new OBC.SimpleRenderer(components, container);
world.camera = new OBC.SimpleCamera(components);
world.scene = new OBC.SimpleScene(components);

// IFC loader with WASM configuration
const ifcLoader = components.get(OBC.IfcLoader);
await ifcLoader.setup({
  autoSetWasm: false,
  wasm: { path: "https://unpkg.com/web-ifc@0.0.77/", absolute: true },
});

// Fragment manager — handles model lifecycle
const fragments = components.get(OBC.FragmentsManager);
fragments.list.onItemSet.add(({ value: model }) => {
  model.useCamera(world.camera.three);
  world.scene.three.add(model.object);
  fragments.core.update(true);
});

// Load IFC
const response = await fetch("/models/building.ifc");
const data = new Uint8Array(await response.arrayBuffer());
await ifcLoader.load(data, false, "building");

// Interaction: highlighting + hiding
const highlighter = components.get(OBCF.Highlighter);
highlighter.multiple = "ctrlKey";
highlighter.zoomToSelection = true;

const hider = components.get(OBC.Hider);

Pattern 2: Custom web-ifc + Three.js Pipeline

import * as THREE from "three";
import { IfcAPI } from "web-ifc";
import { OrbitControls } from "three/examples/jsm/controls/OrbitControls";

// Initialize web-ifc
const ifcApi = new IfcAPI();
ifcApi.SetWasmPath("/static/wasm/"); // BEFORE Init()
await ifcApi.Init();

// Load model
const ifcData = new Uint8Array(await fetch("model.ifc").then(r => r.arrayBuffer()));
const modelID = ifcApi.OpenModel(ifcData, { COORDINATE_TO_ORIGIN: true });

// expressID → mesh mapping for selection
const expressIdToMesh = new Map<number, THREE.Mesh>();

// Stream geometry and convert to Three.js
ifcApi.StreamAllMeshes(modelID, (flatMesh) => {
  const placedGeometries = flatMesh.geometries;
  for (let i = 0; i < placedGeometries.size(); i++) {
    const pg = placedGeometries.get(i);
    const geom = ifcApi.GetGeometry(modelID, pg.geometryExpressID);
    const verts = ifcApi.GetVertexArray(geom.GetVertexData(), geom.GetVertexDataSize());
    const idx = ifcApi.GetIndexArray(geom.GetIndexData(), geom.GetIndexDataSize());

    // Deinterleave: 6 floats per vertex → separate position and normal
    const positions = new Float32Array(verts.length / 2);
    const normals = new Float32Array(verts.length / 2);
    for (let j = 0; j < verts.length; j += 6) {
      const k = j / 2;
      positions[k] = verts[j];     positions[k+1] = verts[j+1]; positions[k+2] = verts[j+2];
      normals[k]   = verts[j+3];   normals[k+1]   = verts[j+4]; normals[k+2]   = verts[j+5];
    }

    const bufGeom = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
    bufGeom.setAttribute("position", new THREE.BufferAttribute(positions, 3));
    bufGeom.setAttribute("normal", new THREE.BufferAttribute(normals, 3));
    bufGeom.setIndex(new THREE.BufferAttribute(idx, 1));

    // Apply IFC placement transform
    const matrix = new THREE.Matrix4().fromArray(pg.flatTransformation);
    bufGeom.applyMatrix4(matrix);

    // Material from IFC surface color
    const color = pg.color;
    const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({
      color: new THREE.Color(color.x, color.y, color.z),
      opacity: color.w,
      transparent: color.w < 1.0,
      side: THREE.DoubleSide,
    });

    const mesh = new THREE.Mesh(bufGeom, material);
    mesh.userData.expressID = flatMesh.expressID;
    scene.add(mesh);
    expressIdToMesh.set(flatMesh.expressID, mesh);
  }
});

Pattern 3: Raycasting for Element Selection

const raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();

renderer.domElement.addEventListener("click", async (event) => {
  const mouse = new THREE.Vector2(
    (event.clientX / window.innerWidth) * 2 - 1,
    -(event.clientY / window.innerHeight) * 2 + 1
  );
  raycaster.setFromCamera(mouse, camera);
  const hits = raycaster.intersectObjects(scene.children, true);

  if (hits.length > 0) {
    const expressID = hits[0].object.userData.expressID;
    if (expressID === undefined) return;

    // Get entity info
    const entity = ifcApi.GetLine(modelID, expressID, true);
    console.log("Selected:", entity.Name?.value, "Type:", entity.constructor.name);

    // Get property sets
    const psets = await ifcApi.properties.getPropertySets(modelID, expressID, true);
    displayPropertyPanel(entity, psets);
  }
});

Pattern 4: Scene Graph Mirroring IFC Spatial Structure

async function buildSpatialHierarchy(
  ifcApi: IfcAPI, modelID: number, scene: THREE.Scene
): Promise<Map<number, THREE.Group>> {
  const structure = await ifcApi.properties.getSpatialStructure(modelID);
  const groups = new Map<number, THREE.Group>();

  function traverse(node: any, parent: THREE.Object3D) {
    const group = new THREE.Group();
    group.name = node.Name?.value ?? `Element_${node.expressID}`;
    group.userData.expressID = node.expressID;
    parent.add(group);
    groups.set(node.expressID, group);

    if (node.children) {
      for (const child of node.children) {
        traverse(child, group);
      }
    }
  }

  traverse(structure, scene);
  return groups;
}

Fragments Format

@thatopen/components does NOT render IFC geometry directly. The pipeline is:

  1. IFC file → web-ifc parses and tessellates
  2. Fragments conversion → Flatbuffers-based binary format optimized for GPU
  3. Three.js rendering → Fragments are rendered as instanced meshes

Key implications:

  • First load is slow (parse + tessellate + convert)
  • Exported .frag files load near-instantly on subsequent visits
  • Server-side pre-conversion eliminates client-side processing cost
// Export model to .frag for caching
const fragsBuffer = await model.getBuffer(false);
const file = new File([fragsBuffer], "model.frag");
// Upload to server or store in IndexedDB

Common Operations

Property Panel for Selected Element

async function getElementProperties(
  ifcApi: IfcAPI, modelID: number, expressID: number
): Promise<Record<string, Record<string, unknown>>> {
  const result: Record<string, Record<string, unknown>> = {};

  const psets = await ifcApi.properties.getPropertySets(modelID, expressID, true);
  for (const pset of psets) {
    if (!pset.HasProperties) continue;
    const setName = pset.Name?.value ?? "Unnamed";
    result[setName] = {};
    for (const prop of pset.HasProperties) {
      if (prop.NominalValue) {
        result[setName][prop.Name.value] = prop.NominalValue.value;
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

Category-Based Visibility (Hider Pattern)

// @thatopen/components approach
const wallIds = model.getItemsOfCategories(["IFCWALL"]);
const wallMap: OBC.ModelIdMap = {};
wallMap[model.modelId] = wallIds;
await hider.isolate(wallMap); // Show ONLY walls

// Custom approach
function hideByType(ifcApi: IfcAPI, modelID: number, typeCode: number,
                    meshMap: Map<number, THREE.Mesh>, visible: boolean) {
  const ids = ifcApi.GetLineIDsWithType(modelID, typeCode);
  for (let i = 0; i < ids.size(); i++) {
    const mesh = meshMap.get(ids.get(i));
    if (mesh) mesh.visible = visible;
  }
}

Z-Fighting Prevention

BIM models contain many coplanar surfaces (walls meeting slabs, stacked floors). ALWAYS enable polygon offset:

// @thatopen/components
fragments.core.models.materials.list.onItemSet.add(({ value: material }) => {
  material.polygonOffset = true;
  material.polygonOffsetUnits = 1;
  material.polygonOffsetFactor = Math.random();
});

// Custom pipeline — apply to every material
const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({ /* ... */ });
material.polygonOffset = true;
material.polygonOffsetUnits = 1;
material.polygonOffsetFactor = Math.random();

Memory Management

// ALWAYS set memory limits for production
const modelID = ifcApi.OpenModel(data, {
  MEMORY_LIMIT: 1073741824,  // 1GB — conservative for browsers
  TAPE_SIZE: 33554432,       // 32MB read buffer
});

// ALWAYS close models when done
ifcApi.CloseModel(modelID);

// For @thatopen/components — dispose fragments
fragments.dispose();

Decision Tree

START: You need IFC in a Three.js scene
│
├── Q1: Building a new BIM viewer from scratch?
│   ├── YES → Use @thatopen/components (Pattern 1)
│   │   Provides: loading, highlighting, hiding, clipping, properties
│   └── NO → Integrating into existing Three.js app?
│       ├── YES → Use custom web-ifc pipeline (Pattern 2)
│       └── NO → Just need static 3D preview?
│           └── Use @thatopen/components with minimal config
│
├── Q2: Do you need IFC property access?
│   ├── YES → MUST maintain web-ifc model reference alongside Three.js scene
│   │   Properties are NOT in the scene graph — query via ifcApi or components API
│   └── NO → Geometry-only conversion is sufficient
│
├── Q3: Model size > 100MB?
│   ├── YES → Pre-convert to Fragments on server, serve .frag files
│   │   Use StreamAllMeshes (NEVER LoadAllGeometry)
│   │   Set MEMORY_LIMIT in LoaderSettings
│   └── NO → Direct browser loading is acceptable
│
├── Q4: Coordinates from IfcOpenShell (server-side)?
│   ├── YES → Apply rotation: Matrix4.makeRotationX(-Math.PI / 2)
│   └── NO (from web-ifc) → No rotation needed, already Y-up
│
└── Q5: Need georeferenced coordinates?
    ├── YES → Set COORDINATE_TO_ORIGIN: false
    └── NO → Keep default (true) for centered viewing

Data Loss Summary

IFC Data Three.js Representation Status
Geometry (parametric) Tessellated BufferGeometry LOST — triangulation is irreversible
Surface colors MeshPhongMaterial / MeshStandardMaterial Simplified
Material layers Single material per mesh LOST — layer structure not preserved
Properties (Psets) NOT in scene graph Available via API only
Quantities NOT in scene graph Available via API only
Spatial hierarchy Optional Group hierarchy Partial — requires manual setup
Relationships NOT represented LOST unless queried via API
GlobalId userData or Fragment index Available via API only
Type definitions NOT in scene graph Available via API only

Reference Links

Official Sources