blender-impl-operators

blender-impl-operators

Quick Reference

Critical Warnings

ALWAYS clean up timers in BOTH cancel() AND the {'FINISHED'} path. Leaked timers fire indefinitely and reference deleted operator instances.

ALWAYS call wm.modal_handler_add(self) BEFORE returning {'RUNNING_MODAL'} from invoke(). Returning {'RUNNING_MODAL'} without a handler registration means events go nowhere.

ALWAYS handle ESC and RIGHTMOUSE in modal() to allow user cancellation. Without an escape path, the user is locked in the modal state.

ALWAYS set bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'} for operators that modify scene data. 'UNDO' alone has NO effect — 'REGISTER' is required for undo to work.

NEVER modify bpy.data from a background thread. Use bpy.app.timers.register() with a queue.Queue to marshal work to the main thread.

NEVER expect viewport redraws during a synchronous execute(). The UI is frozen until execute() returns. Use a modal operator with timer for progressive visual updates.

NEVER use threading.Timer for deferred Blender operations. Use bpy.app.timers.register() instead.

Implementation Decision Tree

Need to implement a complex Blender operator?
│
├─ Long-running operation that must show progress?
│  └─ Use modal operator with timer (Section 1)
│     └─ Add wm.progress_begin/update/end (Section 5)
│     └─ Process items incrementally per TIMER event
│
├─ Need user to select a file?
│  └─ Use ImportHelper/ExportHelper mixins (Section 2)
│     └─ Or manual fileselect_add for custom file dialogs
│
├─ Need to process many objects in batch?
│  ├─ Fast operation (< 1 second)?
│  │  └─ Use synchronous execute() with context.temp_override (Section 4)
│  └─ Slow operation (> 1 second)?
│     └─ Use modal timer + progress reporting (Section 1 + 5)
│
├─ Need multi-step user interaction?
│  ├─ Sequential clicks/points in viewport?
│  │  └─ Use state machine in modal() (Section 6)
│  └─ Parameter dialog before execution?
│     └─ Use invoke_props_dialog (Section 6)
│
├─ Need deferred execution outside an operator?
│  └─ Use bpy.app.timers.register() (Section 7)
│     └─ Return None to run once, return float to repeat
│
└─ Need undo support?
   ├─ Single operation?
   │  └─ bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'} (Section 3)
   └─ Repeated rapid calls (e.g., timer-driven)?
      └─ bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO_GROUPED'} (Section 3)

Version Compatibility Matrix

Feature	Blender 3.x	Blender 4.0+	Blender 5.x
wm.event_timer_add(t, window=w)	Keyword arg	Keyword arg	Keyword arg
bpy.app.timers.register()	Available	Available	Available
context.temp_override()	Available from 3.2	REQUIRED	REQUIRED
Dict context override	Deprecated (3.2+)	REMOVED	REMOVED
UILayout.progress()	Not available	Available (4.0+)	Available
ImportHelper/ExportHelper	Stable	Stable	Stable
UNDO_GROUPED bl_option	Available	Available	Available

---

Section 1: Modal Operators with Timer Callbacks

When to Use

Use modal operators with timers when an operation takes more than ~0.5 seconds and must:

• Show progress to the user
• Allow cancellation mid-operation
• Keep Blender's UI responsive during processing

Implementation Pattern

import bpy

class MYCAT_OT_long_process(bpy.types.Operator):
    """Process objects over multiple frames with progress"""
    bl_idname = "mycat.long_process"
    bl_label = "Long Process"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    _timer = None
    _items: list = None
    _index: int = 0

    @classmethod
    def poll(cls, context):
        return len(context.selected_objects) > 0

    def invoke(self, context, event):
        self._items = list(context.selected_objects)
        self._index = 0
        wm = context.window_manager
        wm.progress_begin(0, len(self._items))
        self._timer = wm.event_timer_add(0.01, window=context.window)
        wm.modal_handler_add(self)
        return {'RUNNING_MODAL'}

    def modal(self, context, event):
        if event.type in {'RIGHTMOUSE', 'ESC'}:
            self._cleanup(context)
            self.report({'INFO'}, "Processing cancelled")
            return {'CANCELLED'}

        if event.type == 'TIMER':
            if self._index >= len(self._items):
                self._cleanup(context)
                self.report({'INFO'}, f"Processed {len(self._items)} items")
                return {'FINISHED'}

            obj = self._items[self._index]
            self._process_item(context, obj)
            self._index += 1
            context.window_manager.progress_update(self._index)

        return {'PASS_THROUGH'}

    def _process_item(self, context, obj):
        # Per-item work here
        pass

    def _cleanup(self, context):
        wm = context.window_manager
        wm.progress_end()
        if self._timer is not None:
            wm.event_timer_remove(self._timer)
            self._timer = None

    def cancel(self, context):
        self._cleanup(context)

Rules

• Timer interval is a minimum — actual intervals may be longer due to Blender processing
• event_timer_add() requires window as keyword: event_timer_add(0.1, window=context.window)
• Return {'PASS_THROUGH'} from TIMER events to let keyboard shortcuts work
• Return {'RUNNING_MODAL'} from TIMER events to block all other input
• ALWAYS create a shared _cleanup() method called from both FINISHED and CANCELLED paths

---

Section 2: File Browser Integration

Using ImportHelper / ExportHelper

import bpy
import os
from bpy_extras.io_utils import ImportHelper, ExportHelper

class MYCAT_OT_import_data(bpy.types.Operator, ImportHelper):
    """Import data from file"""
    bl_idname = "mycat.import_data"
    bl_label = "Import Data"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    # ImportHelper provides: filepath, invoke()
    filter_glob: bpy.props.StringProperty(
        default="*.csv;*.json",
        options={'HIDDEN'},
    )
    # Custom options shown in file browser sidebar
    skip_header: bpy.props.BoolProperty(name="Skip Header", default=True)

    def execute(self, context):
        if not os.path.isfile(self.filepath):
            self.report({'ERROR'}, f"File not found: {self.filepath}")
            return {'CANCELLED'}
        # Process self.filepath here
        self.report({'INFO'}, f"Imported: {self.filepath}")
        return {'FINISHED'}

ExportHelper Requirements

class MYCAT_OT_export_data(bpy.types.Operator, ExportHelper):
    bl_idname = "mycat.export_data"
    bl_label = "Export Data"

    filename_ext = ".csv"  # REQUIRED — ExportHelper.check() uses this

    filter_glob: bpy.props.StringProperty(default="*.csv", options={'HIDDEN'})

    def execute(self, context):
        with open(self.filepath, 'w') as f:
            f.write("data")
        return {'FINISHED'}

Manual File Browser (without mixins)

Use filepath: StringProperty(subtype='FILE_PATH') or directory: StringProperty(subtype='DIR_PATH'), call context.window_manager.fileselect_add(self) in invoke(), return {'RUNNING_MODAL'}.

Menu Registration

Register import operators to bpy.types.TOPBAR_MT_file_import.append(menu_func). Register export operators to bpy.types.TOPBAR_MT_file_export.append(menu_func). ALWAYS remove in unregister() to prevent duplicate entries on addon reload.

---

Section 3: Undo/Redo Support

bl_options for Undo

Option	Effect
{'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}	One undo step on {'FINISHED'}. ALWAYS use for data-modifying operators.
{'REGISTER', 'UNDO_GROUPED'}	Consecutive calls of the same operator produce one undo step. Use for repeated rapid calls.
{'REGISTER'} alone	NO undo step. Use only for read-only / reporting operators.

Rules

1. 'UNDO' requires 'REGISTER' — without 'REGISTER', 'UNDO' has NO effect
2. Returning {'CANCELLED'} NEVER creates an undo step
3. Modal operators with {'UNDO'} push ONE undo step when {'FINISHED'} is returned — all intermediate modifications are bundled
4. If execute() modifies data then returns {'CANCELLED'}, those changes persist WITHOUT being undoable — ALWAYS restore state before cancelling
5. UNDO_GROUPED consolidates consecutive calls of the SAME operator into one undo step — use for timer-driven modifications

Cancel-Safe Pattern

def execute(self, context):
    obj = context.active_object
    original_location = obj.location.copy()
    try:
        self._do_work(obj)
    except Exception as e:
        obj.location = original_location  # Restore on failure
        self.report({'ERROR'}, str(e))
        return {'CANCELLED'}
    return {'FINISHED'}

---

Section 4: Batch Processing Operators

Synchronous Batch (fast operations)

class MYCAT_OT_batch_rename(bpy.types.Operator):
    bl_idname = "mycat.batch_rename"
    bl_label = "Batch Rename"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    prefix: bpy.props.StringProperty(name="Prefix", default="obj_")

    def execute(self, context):
        objects = list(context.selected_objects)  # Copy — NEVER iterate and modify
        for i, obj in enumerate(objects):
            obj.name = f"{self.prefix}{i:03d}"
        self.report({'INFO'}, f"Renamed {len(objects)} objects")
        return {'FINISHED'}

Batch with Context Override (Blender 4.0+)

def batch_apply_modifiers(objects):
    """Apply all modifiers on multiple objects."""
    for obj in objects:
        with bpy.context.temp_override(active_object=obj, object=obj):
            for mod in obj.modifiers[:]:  # Copy list — modifiers removed during iteration
                try:
                    bpy.ops.object.modifier_apply(modifier=mod.name)
                except RuntimeError as e:
                    print(f"Cannot apply {mod.name} on {obj.name}: {e}")

Rules

• ALWAYS copy collections before iterating if the loop modifies them: list(context.selected_objects)
• ALWAYS copy modifier lists before applying: obj.modifiers[:]
• Use context.temp_override() when calling operators that check context.active_object
• For batch operations on 100+ objects, use the modal timer pattern (Section 1) for responsiveness

---

Section 5: Progress Reporting

WindowManager Progress API

wm = context.window_manager
wm.progress_begin(0, total_count)  # Initialize range
wm.progress_update(current_index)  # Update cursor indicator
wm.progress_end()                  # Finish — ALWAYS call, even on error

Header Text as Progress (alternative)

# In modal() during processing:
context.area.header_text_set(f"Processing: {i}/{total} ({i/total*100:.0f}%)")

# On completion or cancel: ALWAYS restore:
context.area.header_text_set(None)

UILayout.progress() (Blender 4.0+)

# In Panel.draw() or Operator.draw() only:
layout.progress(factor=0.66, type='BAR', text="66%")

Known Issue

wm.progress_end() does not immediately reset the cursor — it stays as a busy indicator until the user moves the cursor. This is a confirmed Blender bug, not a coding error.

---

Section 6: Multi-Step Workflows

Parameter Dialog Before Execution

class MYCAT_OT_configured_action(bpy.types.Operator):
    bl_idname = "mycat.configured_action"
    bl_label = "Configured Action"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    count: bpy.props.IntProperty(name="Count", default=5, min=1, max=100)
    mode: bpy.props.EnumProperty(
        name="Mode",
        items=[('ADD', "Add", ""), ('REPLACE', "Replace", "")],
    )

    def invoke(self, context, event):
        return context.window_manager.invoke_props_dialog(self, width=300)

    def check(self, context):
        return True  # Redraw dialog when properties change

    def draw(self, context):
        layout = self.layout
        layout.prop(self, "mode", expand=True)
        layout.prop(self, "count")

    def execute(self, context):
        # Runs when user clicks OK
        return {'FINISHED'}

State Machine Modal Operator

class MYCAT_OT_two_point_tool(bpy.types.Operator):
    bl_idname = "mycat.two_point_tool"
    bl_label = "Two Point Tool"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    _state: str = 'PICK_FIRST'
    _first_point: tuple = None

    def invoke(self, context, event):
        self._state = 'PICK_FIRST'
        self._first_point = None
        context.window_manager.modal_handler_add(self)
        context.area.header_text_set("Click first point (ESC to cancel)")
        return {'RUNNING_MODAL'}

    def modal(self, context, event):
        if event.type in {'RIGHTMOUSE', 'ESC'}:
            context.area.header_text_set(None)
            return {'CANCELLED'}

        if event.type == 'LEFTMOUSE' and event.value == 'PRESS':
            if self._state == 'PICK_FIRST':
                self._first_point = (event.mouse_region_x, event.mouse_region_y)
                self._state = 'PICK_SECOND'
                context.area.header_text_set("Click second point (ESC to cancel)")
                return {'RUNNING_MODAL'}

            elif self._state == 'PICK_SECOND':
                second = (event.mouse_region_x, event.mouse_region_y)
                self._execute_action(context, self._first_point, second)
                context.area.header_text_set(None)
                return {'FINISHED'}

        return {'PASS_THROUGH'}

    def _execute_action(self, context, p1, p2):
        pass  # Implementation here

Invocation Methods Reference

Method	Dialog	Calls execute()	Use Case
invoke_props_dialog(self, width)	Property form + OK	On OK click	Parameter gathering
invoke_props_popup(self, event)	Property popup	Immediately + on change	Interactive adjustment
invoke_confirm(self, event)	OK/Cancel only	On OK click	Destructive actions
invoke_popup(self, width)	Custom draw only	NEVER	Info display
invoke_search_popup(self)	Searchable enum	On selection	Enum with many items

---

Section 7: Deferred Execution with bpy.app.timers

When to Use (instead of modal operators)

• Fire-and-forget deferred work (no UI interaction needed)
• Thread-safe bridge from background threads to main thread
• Persistent recurring tasks that survive file loads

API

bpy.app.timers.register(function, first_interval=0, persistent=False)
bpy.app.timers.unregister(function)
bpy.app.timers.is_registered(function) -> bool

Return Value Semantics

Return	Effect
None	Timer unregistered — function never called again
float	Function called again after that many seconds

Thread-Safe Queue Pattern

import bpy
import queue
import threading

_queue = queue.Queue()

def _process_queue():
    while not _queue.empty():
        fn = _queue.get()
        fn()
    return 1.0  # Check every second

def run_on_main_thread(fn):
    """Schedule a function to run on Blender's main thread."""
    _queue.put(fn)

# Register in addon register():
bpy.app.timers.register(_process_queue, persistent=True)

bpy.app.timers vs wm.event_timer_add

	bpy.app.timers	wm.event_timer_add
Requires modal operator	No	Yes
Tied to specific window	No	Yes
Survives file load	Yes (persistent=True)	No
User-cancellable	No (must unregister)	Yes (ESC in modal)
Use case	Background tasks, thread bridge	Interactive modal tools

---

Reference Links

• references/methods.md — Complete API signatures for modal, timer, progress, and file browser APIs
• references/examples.md — Full working examples for all implementation patterns
• references/anti-patterns.md — Implementation mistakes with explanations and fixes

Official Sources

• Operator, Timers, IO Utils, WindowManager

Related Skills

• blender-syntax-operators -- Operator class structure, return values, bl_options
• blender-core-api -- bpy module structure, context system