Dashboard Design
| Property |
Value |
| Domain |
Data Analytics |
| Category |
Dashboard Architecture & Layout |
| Trifecta |
SKILL.md + dashboard-design.instructions.md + dashboard.prompt.md |
| Depends |
data-visualization (chart content), data-analysis (KPIs and segments) |
Overview
Design dashboards that tell stories through layout. A dashboard is not a collection of charts -- it's a guided reading experience where position, size, and interaction design control what the viewer understands and in what order.
The cardinal rule: reading order = story order. KPIs answer "what?", charts answer "why?", tables answer "how much?", and drill-downs answer "show me more."
Module 1: Layout Patterns
| Pattern |
Best For |
Reading Flow |
Use When |
| Inverted Pyramid |
Executive dashboards |
KPIs → hero chart → supporting → detail |
Audience scans from top, drills as needed |
| Z-Pattern |
Marketing / consumer |
Top-left → top-right → bottom-left → end |
Two primary metrics side-by-side |
| F-Pattern |
Data-heavy analytics |
Left column scanned top-down, right detail |
Dense detail dashboards for analysts |
| Hub-and-Spoke |
Exploration dashboards |
Central question, surrounding perspectives |
When multiple equally important views exist |
| Narrative Scroll |
Data stories / reports |
Top-to-bottom linear reading |
Self-contained HTML stories with guided arc |
Reference Pattern: Inverted Pyramid (from population.html)
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ HEADER: Title + subtitle + badge │
├────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ KPI ROW: 3-6 cards (auto-fit grid) │
├────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ CONTROLS: Search + filter buttons │
├────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ HERO CHART: Full-width, clickable │
├───────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┤
│ SUPPORTING CHART 1 │ SUPPORTING CHART 2 │
├───────────────────────┴────────────────────────────┤
│ DATA TABLE: Sortable, ranked, inline indicators │
├────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ FOOTER: Data source + attribution + last updated │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌── DRILL-DOWN MODAL ──┐
│ Detail stats grid │
│ Horizontal bar │
│ Detail table │
└───────────────────────┘
Module 2: KPI Card Design
Each KPI card follows the metric + delta + context pattern:
| Element |
Purpose |
Example |
| Primary value |
The headline number |
"334M" |
| Label |
What it measures |
"Total Population" |
| Delta |
Change indicator (arrow + %) |
"↑ 2.1% YoY" |
| Sparkline |
Trend miniature (optional) |
Tiny 30-day line |
| Subtitle |
Time range or source |
"2024 Census estimate" |
| Icon/Emoji |
Visual anchor |
"👥" |
| Accent color |
Category signal |
Brand purple |
KPI Selection Rules
| Rule |
Why |
| 3-6 KPIs maximum |
More overwhelms; fewer under-informs |
| Each answers a different "what?" |
Redundant KPIs waste prime real estate |
| Include at least one delta |
Static numbers lack context |
| Lead with the most important |
Top-left KPI gets the most attention |
| Color thresholds if applicable |
Green/amber/red for status-driven metrics |
Module 3: Filter Architecture
| Filter Type |
Placement |
Behavior |
Example |
| Global filter |
Top, below KPIs |
Affects all charts and table |
Region buttons, date range |
| Chart filter |
Inline on chart |
Affects only parent chart |
Sort toggle, limit slider |
| Cross-filter |
Click on chart |
Highlights related data elsewhere |
Click bar → table highlights |
| Drill-through |
Click on item |
Opens detail modal or new view |
Click state → city breakdown |
| Search |
Top controls |
Text filter across primary column |
Search box for state names |
Filter Design Rules
- Global filters visible at all times (sticky if page scrolls)
- Active filter state clearly indicated (colored buttons, badges)
- "All" or "Reset" always available as first option
- Filter changes animate smoothly (transition: 300ms)
- Filter state reflected in chart titles or subtitles
Module 4: Narrative Flow
The dashboard tells a story through panel arrangement:
| Layer |
Component |
Answers |
Time to Absorb |
| 1 |
KPI cards |
"What's the story?" |
2 seconds |
| 2 |
Hero chart |
"Show me the shape" |
10 seconds |
| 3 |
Supporting charts |
"What else?" |
15 seconds |
| 4 |
Data table |
"Give me the details" |
As needed |
| 5 |
Drill-down modal |
"Tell me more about X" |
On demand |
Progressive Disclosure
- Above the fold: KPIs + hero chart (must convey the main story without scrolling)
- Below the fold: Supporting views + table (deeper evidence)
- On demand: Drill-down modals, tooltips, expandable rows
Module 5: Self-Contained HTML Pattern
Every dashboard outputs as a single HTML file:
| Requirement |
Implementation |
| Zero build step |
Open in browser, no npm/webpack/build |
| Embedded data |
JavaScript arrays/objects, not external API calls |
| Single CDN dependency |
Chart.js 4.x via jsdelivr |
| Responsive |
CSS grid with auto-fit, minmax, media queries |
| Themeable |
CSS custom properties for colors, spacing, fonts |
| Accessible |
Semantic HTML, ARIA labels, alt text on charts |
| Print-friendly |
@media print styles for clean output |
CSS Custom Properties Template
:root {
--bg-primary: #0f0f23;
--bg-card: #1a1a2e;
--text-primary: #e8e8f0;
--text-secondary: #888;
--accent-1: #6366f1;
--accent-2: #3b82f6;
--accent-3: #10b981;
--accent-4: #f59e0b;
--accent-5: #ec4899;
--border-radius: 12px;
--shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
--transition: 0.3s ease;
}
Module 6: Platform Targets
| Platform |
Output Format |
Key Differences |
| HTML (primary) |
Self-contained |
Chart.js + Canvas, embedded data |
| Power BI |
Report spec |
DAX measures, M queries, visual config |
| Streamlit |
Python app |
Plotly charts, st.columns, st.metric |
| React |
Component tree |
Recharts/Nivo, state management, props |
Default to HTML unless the user specifies otherwise.
Module 7: Chart Grid Pattern (from visuals.html)
For dashboards that showcase multiple chart types or let users explore:
| Component |
Purpose |
Implementation |
| Category filter |
Show charts by category |
Button row with colored states |
| Card grid |
Visual index of available charts |
CSS grid, auto-fit, minmax(280px) |
| Mini preview |
Quick visual (130px height canvas) |
Chart.js render at small scale |
| Metadata badges |
"Best for", "Data type" |
Tags below chart preview |
| Modal detail |
Full chart + metadata + examples |
Fixed overlay, arrow key nav |
Module 8: Interaction Patterns
| Pattern |
Trigger |
Effect |
| Hover tooltip |
Mouse over bar |
Show exact value + label |
| Click drill-down |
Click chart item |
Open modal with detail view |
| Filter select |
Click button |
Filter all charts to selection |
| Sort toggle |
Click column head |
Re-sort table ascending/descending |
| Search highlight |
Type in search |
Fade non-matching, highlight match |
| Responsive collapse |
Screen < 768px |
Stack columns, hide secondary charts |
Module 9: 5-Visual Rule (VT BIT 5424)
Executive dashboards follow the 5-Visual Rule:
- 1 KPI row (3-6 metric cards)
- 1 hero chart (the main story)
- 2 supporting charts (different lenses on same data)
- 1 data table (detail on demand)
Maximum 5 visual elements above the fold. More than 5 creates cognitive overload for executive audiences. Analysts get more through drill-down, not more panels.
Anti-Patterns
| Anti-Pattern |
Problem |
Fix |
| Chart soup |
Too many charts with no narrative connection |
Apply 5-Visual Rule, add story arc |
| Dashboard as database |
Every field shown "just in case" |
Show only what answers the KPI questions |
| Inconsistent colors |
Same category = different color across charts |
Use semantic color map (region → color) |
| No drill-down escape |
Modal/detail has no clear close/back |
Always show close button + ESC handler |
| Tiny charts |
Cramming 10 charts into one screen |
Fewer, larger charts with drill paths |
| Static title |
"Revenue Dashboard" |
"Revenue grew 34% -- but growth is slowing" |
