ruff

ruff - Python Linter & Formatter

Overview

Ruff is one binary that is two tools, and keeping them apart is the whole mental model:

	Command	Replaces	Config section
Linter	`ruff check`	Flake8 (+plugins), isort, pyupgrade, bandit, pydocstyle, parts of Pylint	`[tool.ruff.lint]`
Formatter	`ruff format`	Black	`[tool.ruff.format]`

They share config discovery, file discovery, line-length, indent-width, and target-version — nothing else. ruff format does not sort imports (that's the linter's I rules); ruff check does not reformat. Run them in that order: ruff check --fix && ruff format.

The four things that surprise people

select REPLACES the default rule set — it does not add to it. The #1 silent footgun (see below); extend-select is the additive one.
Fix safety is first-class (safe / unsafe / display-only), with no analog in flake8 — --fix applies safe fixes only.
Preview gates rules independently of version — a rule that ships in your build stays invisible unless it is stable or you turn on preview.
Config does not cascade — it is "nearest file wins", with an explicit extend for reuse.

Disambiguation: this skill is the ruff linter/formatter. uv (packaging/project manager) and ty (type checker) are separate Astral tools with their own skills. Ruff is a linter and formatter — it is not a type checker.

Prerequisites

ruff --version        # e.g. "ruff 0.16.3"
uvx ruff@latest ...   # run without installing (recommended for one-offs)
uv tool install ruff  # or persist it on PATH

Version policy. Ruff uses a custom versioning scheme: MINOR = breaking changes, PATCH = bug fixes — no stable API until 1.0. A 0.15 → 0.16 bump can change the stable formatter style, the default rule set, or remove rules, so pin ruff (required-version = "==0.16.3", or a pre-commit rev) wherever reproducible output matters. This skill documents 0.16.3; version-specific behavior is tagged (ruff 0.X+) and mapped in references/version-features.md.

Preview gating is a separate axis from version. Of 969 rules in 0.16.3, 139 are preview-only. A preview rule is not enabled by select = ["ALL"], by its category, or even by its exact code — only by also setting preview = true. Anything marked (preview) below needs that flag. The linter and formatter have independent switches — [tool.ruff.lint] preview turns on unstable rules, [tool.ruff.format] preview turns on unstable style; --preview on the CLI does the same per command.

Everyday commands

Task	Command
Lint	`ruff check [PATH]` (default `.`)
Lint + autofix (safe)	`ruff check --fix`
Include unsafe fixes	`ruff check --diff --unsafe-fixes` to preview, then `--fix --unsafe-fixes`
Preview fixes, write nothing	`ruff check --diff` (implies `--fix-only`)
What fires in this repo?	`ruff check --statistics`
Format	`ruff format [PATH]`
CI format gate	`ruff format --check` (exit 1 if any file would change)
Explain a rule / a config key	`ruff rule F401` / `ruff config lint.select`
Prefix → upstream tool	`ruff linter`
Resolved settings for a file	`ruff check --show-settings path.py`
Which files would run	`ruff check --show-files`
Watch mode / import graph	`ruff check --watch` / `ruff analyze graph` (experimental)
Language server / clear caches	`ruff server` / `ruff clean`

Exit codes — check: 0 clean (or all fixed), 1 violations, 2 ruff itself failed (bad config/flags). --exit-zero forces 0; --exit-non-zero-on-fix returns 1 even when all was fixed. format --check / check --diff: 1 when changes are needed. Never conflate exit 1 with exit 2 in CI — 2 means your config is broken, not your code.

Rule selection (the big footgun)

The default rule set in ruff 0.16+ is 413 rules (it was 59 — ["E4","E7","E9","F"] — before 0.16.0; older tutorials, older configs, and most people's memory still carry that number). The expansion was not a superset: the same change dropped 18 opinionated E/F rules from the defaults — E401, E402, E701–E703, E711–E714, E721, E731, E741–E743, F403, F405, F406, F722 — so a few checks you had on 0.15 are now off unless you re-select them. Writing select throws the whole set away:

$ ruff check --isolated --statistics demo.py    # real 0.16.3 output
2  F401   [*] unused-import
1  F841   [ ] unused-variable
1  I001   [*] unsorted-imports
1  UP006  [*] non-pep585-annotation
1  UP035  [ ] deprecated-import

$ ruff check --isolated --select E --statistics demo.py
                  # ← nothing. The F/I/UP hits above are no longer enabled at all:
                  #   `select` replaced all 413 defaults with pycodestyle-E alone.

select — replaces the enabled set; explicit and reproducible, for a locked-down list.
extend-select — adds on top of whatever select resolved to; bolts a category onto the defaults.
ignore / extend-ignore — subtract. ignore beats select for the same prefix, and more specific prefixes beat less specific ones.
ALL — every stable rule, including mutually contradictory ones (ruff auto-disables known conflicts like D203 vs D211). It also opts you into new rules on every upgrade.

CLI beats config file; closest config file beats an inherited one. A CLI --select also discards the config's ignore — --extend-select keeps it (references/rule-selection.md).

Rule prefixes → upstream tool

Generated from ruff linter (0.16.3). Codes are PREFIX + digits (F401); any prefix length is a valid selector (PL, PLC, PLC0414).

Prefix	Tool	Prefix	Tool
`AIR`	Airflow	`ERA`	eradicate
`FAST`	FastAPI	`YTT`	flake8-2020
`ANN`	flake8-annotations	`ASYNC`	flake8-async
`S`	flake8-bandit	`BLE`	flake8-blind-except
`FBT`	flake8-boolean-trap	`B`	flake8-bugbear
`A`	flake8-builtins	`COM`	flake8-commas
`C4`	flake8-comprehensions	`CPY`	flake8-copyright
`DTZ`	flake8-datetimez	`T10`	flake8-debugger
`DJ`	flake8-django	`EM`	flake8-errmsg
`EXE`	flake8-executable	`FIX`	flake8-fixme
`FA`	flake8-future-annotations	`INT`	flake8-gettext
`ISC`	flake8-implicit-str-concat	`ICN`	flake8-import-conventions
`LOG`	flake8-logging	`G`	flake8-logging-format
`INP`	flake8-no-pep420	`PIE`	flake8-pie
`T20`	flake8-print	`PYI`	flake8-pyi
`PT`	flake8-pytest-style	`Q`	flake8-quotes
`RSE`	flake8-raise	`RET`	flake8-return
`SLF`	flake8-self	`SIM`	flake8-simplify
`SLOT`	flake8-slots	`TID`	flake8-tidy-imports
`TD`	flake8-todos	`TC`	flake8-type-checking
`ARG`	flake8-unused-arguments	`PTH`	flake8-use-pathlib
`FLY`	flynt	`I`	isort
`C90`	mccabe	`NPY`	NumPy-specific rules
`PD`	pandas-vet	`N`	pep8-naming
`PERF`	Perflint	`E`/`W`	pycodestyle
`DOC`	pydoclint	`D`	pydocstyle
`F`	Pyflakes	`PGH`	pygrep-hooks
`PL`	Pylint	`UP`	pyupgrade
`FURB`	refurb	`RUF`	Ruff-specific rules
`TRY`	tryceratops

Never guess what a code means — look it up. ruff rule F401 prints the rationale, fix availability, and examples. ruff rule --all --output-format json is the machine-readable catalog (fields code, name, linter, preview, status, fix_availability, summary, explanation):

ruff rule --all --output-format json | jq -r '.[] | select(.preview) | .code'   # preview-only rules

Configuration

Ruff reads pyproject.toml ([tool.ruff]), ruff.toml, or .ruff.toml — identical schemas; the .toml files just drop the tool.ruff prefix.

[tool.ruff]
line-length = 88                   # defaults: line-length 88, indent-width 4
target-version = "py310"           # else inferred from requires-python, else py310 (ruff 0.14+)
required-version = "==0.16.3"      # fail loudly on a different ruff

[tool.ruff.lint]
extend-select = ["B", "I", "UP"]   # ADD to the defaults (`select` would replace them)
ignore = ["E501"]
[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
"tests/**" = ["S101"]              # `assert` is fine in tests

[tool.ruff.format]
quote-style = "double"             # double | single | preserve
docstring-code-format = true

Discovery is nearest-wins, not cascading. Each file uses the closest config and parent configs are ignored entirely (a pyproject.toml without [tool.ruff] doesn't count). Within one directory: .ruff.toml > ruff.toml > pyproject.toml. To share settings, opt in explicitly:

extend = "../ruff.toml"     # inherit, then override below

--config does double duty: a path (--config path/to/ruff.toml) or an inline override (--config "lint.dummy-variable-rgx = '__.*'") that beats every config file — though a dedicated flag beats --config. --isolated ignores all config files, and ruff config <KEY> documents any key; full map in references/configuration.md.

Formatter ↔ linter conflicts

Some lint rules fight the formatter. None are in ruff's default set (verified on 0.16.3), but they arrive the moment you select their category (Q, COM, D, W, E, ISC) — add to lint.ignore:

W191, E111, E114, E117, D203, D206, D300, Q000, Q001, Q002, Q003, Q004, COM812, COM819
ISC002 — only if used without ISC001 and flake8-implicit-str-concat.allow-multiline = false

E501 (line-too-long) is compatible but noisy — the formatter only makes a best effort at line-length, so long strings/URLs still trip it. Also avoid non-default lint.isort settings force-single-line, force-wrap-aliases, lines-after-imports, lines-between-types, split-on-trailing-comma. ruff format warns on any incompatible rule or setting — a warning-free ruff format means you're clean. (references/formatter.md)

ruff format is not .py-only. It also formats Jupyter notebooks (ruff 0.6+) and Python code blocks inside Markdown files (ruff 0.16+, on by default) — so on 0.16 ruff format . rewrites your README. Opt out per tool with a scoped exclude: [tool.ruff.format] exclude = ["*.md"].

Suppressing violations

x = 1            # noqa: F841          one code (preferred)
i = 1            # noqa: E741, F841    several
x = 1            # noqa                blanket — avoid
import math      # ruff: ignore[F401]  (ruff 0.16+) same job, ruff-only spelling

File-level: # ruff: noqa (everything) or # ruff: noqa: F841 (one rule), on its own line; # flake8: noqa is honored, and # ruff: file-ignore[F401, ARG001] is the bracket form.
Logical-line: # ruff: ignore[CODE] on the line above covers the whole multi-line statement or signature; inline it covers only that physical line.
Block-level (ruff 0.15+): # ruff: disable[E501] … # ruff: enable[E501] — codes and indentation must match. An unterminated disable runs to the end of the enclosing scope and raises RUF104; always close the range.
Rule names (# ruff: ignore[unused-import]) work in the bracket forms — preview-gated, not version-gated: needs preview = true however new your ruff is.
RUF100 flags suppressions that no longer suppress anything — ruff check --extend-select RUF100 --fix deletes the dead ones.
Bulk-annotate: ruff check --add-noqa or --add-ignore, both accepting an optional reason (--add-noqa="legacy import") appended after the codes. These rewrite your source in place and exit 0 — they are baselining tools, not fixers (--fix is). Run on a clean tree and read the resulting git diff code-by-code — there is no preview mode (--add-noqa is rejected when combined with --diff). They will just as happily suppress a real bug, after which ruff check reports "All checks passed!". The RUF100 ratchet does not catch that — it flags only suppressions that suppress nothing, so a # noqa hiding a live bug stays green forever (verified on 0.16.3: # noqa: F821 over an undefined name is invisible to RUF100).
Formatter suppression is separate: # fmt: off / # fmt: on / # fmt: skip (statement-level).

Adopting ruff in an existing codebase

Do not start from select = ["ALL"] — measure, baseline, then ratchet.

ruff check --statistics    # 1. MEASURE — ranked list of what actually fires; your real backlog
ruff check --diff          # 2. FREE WINS — dry run first, then apply safe fixes
ruff check --fix
ruff format                #    formatter as ONE isolated commit (add its SHA to .git-blame-ignore-revs)
ruff check --add-noqa      # 3. BASELINE the rest (or --add-ignore) — REWRITES IN PLACE, exits 0
ruff check --extend-select RUF100   # 4. RATCHET — fails once a suppression is obsolete

Add categories one at a time (extend-select = ["B"], then ["B", "SIM"], …), re-running --statistics after each. Prefer per-file-ignores over blanket ignore when a rule is only wrong for tests, migrations, or __init__.py.

CI and pre-commit

# .pre-commit-config.yaml — hook ids are `ruff-check` and `ruff-format`
- repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
  rev: v0.16.3                 # pin; ruff MINOR bumps are breaking
  hooks:
    - id: ruff-check
      args: [--fix]
    - id: ruff-format

# GitHub Actions — the `github` format renders inline annotations
- run: ruff check --output-format=github .
- run: ruff format --check .

--output-format accepts concise, full, json, json-lines, junit, grouped, github, gitlab, pylint, rdjson, azure, sarif (also RUFF_OUTPUT_FORMAT); ruff format --check takes the same set (ruff 0.16+). Other env vars: RUFF_OUTPUT_FILE, RUFF_CACHE_DIR, RUFF_NO_CACHE, NO_COLOR/FORCE_COLOR.

Troubleshooting

"My rules stopped firing after I added select." select replaced the defaults — use extend-select. Confirm the resolved set with ruff check --show-settings FILE.
"I selected the rule and nothing happens." Probably preview-gated: check the preview field (ruff rule CODE), then set preview = true. Deprecated rules are the mirror image — preview mode disables them.
"Ruff ignores my config." Discovery is nearest-wins, not cascading: a parent config is invisible unless you extend it, and a pyproject.toml without [tool.ruff] is skipped.
"A fix broke my code." --fix applies safe fixes only — suspect --unsafe-fixes. Narrow it with lint.unfixable, or re-classify via lint.extend-safe-fixes/extend-unsafe-fixes. A safe fix that breaks code is a bug; report it.
"Violations remain after --fix." Not every rule has one (fix_availability is Always / Sometimes / None) and unsafe fixes are withheld; --statistics marks fixable rules [*].
"Formatter and linter disagree." You enabled a conflicting rule (list above) — ruff format warns about them. "Exit code 2 in CI" means invalid config or CLI options, not lint findings.
"Ruff won't check my file." Likely excluded — ruff check --show-files lists what runs. Paths passed explicitly bypass excludes unless --force-exclude is set (pre-commit needs it).
Wrong Python target — set target-version or project.requires-python; with neither, ruff assumes py310 for lint rules (ruff 0.14+) but the newest supported version for syntax errors.

References

references/rule-selection.md — selector precedence, ALL, preview gating & explicit-preview-rules, per-file ignores, rule discovery, fix safety & fixability.
references/configuration.md — config & file discovery, extend, --config/--isolated/argfiles, target-version inference, key map, env vars, caching.
references/formatter.md — formatter options, Black deviations, docstring & Markdown code formatting, # fmt: suppression, range formatting, conflict rationale.
references/cli-reference.md — every subcommand & flag, verified against --help on 0.16.3, plus output formats and exit codes.
references/version-features.md — what each breaking MINOR (0.12 → 0.16) changed, and how to read ruff's versioning scheme.

Resources

Help: ruff help, ruff <command> --help, ruff rule <CODE>, ruff config <KEY>
Docs: https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/ (rules: https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/) — source/releases: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff