video-overlay

Video overlays & compositing

Deterministic compositing of a known asset onto video. (For generative edits that reimagine the footage — recolor objects, add smoke/fire — use grok-video-edit instead.)

Pick the overlay type

Asset	Command / approach
Text label	overlay-text (PIL render; mise ffmpeg lacks drawtext)
Multiple text labels	overlay-texts (one pass, e.g. countdown)
Static image / logo	overlay-image
Static transparent graphic	RGBA PNG + ffmpeg overlay (alpha is native — no colorkey)
Animated transparent effect	RGBA PNG sequence + ffmpeg (see below)

uv run video-agent overlay-text in.mp4 --text "BOOM!" --x center --y center \
    --size 120 --color yellow --start 5.0 --end 7.0 -o out.mp4
uv run video-agent overlay-image in.mp4 --image logo.png --x "W-w-20" --y 20 \
    --scale 200:100 --start 0.0 --end 5.0 -o out.mp4

--x/--y: pixel offset, center, or ffmpeg expr (W-w-10 = 10px from right edge).

Transparency rules (learned the hard way)

• Static transparent overlay → use an RGBA PNG directly. overlay handles 8-bit alpha natively. No colorkey.
• Animated transparent overlay → use an RGBA PNG sequence, NOT a GIF. PIL-saved GIFs quantize to a 1-bit palette and overlay-gif silently fails to composite their transparency. Render frames as seq/000.png, 001.png, … and feed:

  ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -framerate 25 -stream_loop -1 -i "seq/%03d.png" \
    -filter_complex "[1:v]format=rgba[ov];[0:v]format=rgba[bg];[bg][ov]overlay=X:Y,format=yuv420p" \
    -c:v h264_videotoolbox -b:v 8M -c:a copy -shortest out.mp4
  

• If using a GIF with colorkey anyway: order is colorkey → scale → format=rgba → overlay (scale converts BGRA→YUV and breaks the key if done first).
• Debug invisible overlays by removing transparency first — composite the asset with a solid background to confirm geometry/timing work, then fix the alpha separately.

Timed windows

ffmpeg's enable='between(t,a,b)' is unreliable on image/GIF streams with manipulated PTS. Use the split-overlay-concat pattern: split source into before/during/after, apply the overlay only to the middle segment (no enable clause), then filter_complex concat the three. overlay-gif does this internally when --start/--end are given.

Get the WHEN from the transcript, not by scrubbing. To land a label/callout on a spoken word or phrase, transcribe --words and grep for it → read its start/end → that's your --start/--end (or enable window). Spatial placement uses the grid/dot-probe below; temporal placement uses the word timestamps. (Same "the edit is text" discipline as edl-edit.)

Positioning accurately — DON'T iterate-and-eyeball

Guessing coordinates and re-rendering to check is slow and error-prone. Pick by subject:

Static target (fixed scene element)

Use position-grid, but read the labels, then compute — don't squint at a thumbnail:

1. position-grid video.mp4 --at T --spacing 200 -o grid.png (start at 200; 100 is too dense to read when rendered small).
2. Read grid.png, find the 200px quadrant containing the target.
3. Crop+zoom that region to read the exact label:

   from PIL import Image
   img = Image.open("grid.png"); c = img.crop((x0,y0,x1,y1))
   c.resize((c.width*3, c.height*3), Image.NEAREST).save("grid_zoom.png")
   

4. Compute overlay top-left = target_center − overlay_size/2. Trust the math.
5. Verify once with frame on the output.

Target that's hard to pin by eye, or that moves

Reading a grid once fails when the target is hard to pin to a pixel (blur, low contrast, a small feature) or when the subject moves between the frame you measured and the clip you're editing. Use the dot-probe method — it works for any target and needs nothing beyond PIL:

1. Extract the target frame full-res with frame.
2. Drop a few colored probe dots at candidate (x,y) on the actual frame, crop tight around the target, zoom big (NEAREST), and read which dot lands on it:

   from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
   im = Image.open("frame.png").convert("RGB"); d = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
   cands = [(x0, y0, (255,0,0)), (x1, y1, (0,255,0)), (x2, y2, (0,128,255))]
   for (x, y, c) in cands:
       d.ellipse([x-4,y-4,x+4,y+4], fill=c)          # note which color = which (x,y)
   z = im.crop((cx0,cy0,cx1,cy1)); z.resize((z.width*6,z.height*6), Image.NEAREST).save("probe.png")
   

   Two or three rounds converge on the pixel — this removes the blur/size ambiguity that pure eyeballing suffers from.
3. Resolve an ambiguous target via an unambiguous neighbor. When the target itself reads poorly but a nearby feature is crisp, measure the easy one and transfer the constraint — a clear adjacent landmark fixes the shared row or column of the unclear target.
4. Compute overlay top-left = target_center − overlay_size/2. Verify with frame.

• A single static position is wrong for a moving target. If it moves during the overlay window, measure it at the window's start and end frames, then composite frame-by-frame in PIL with the position linearly interpolated between them (extract the window's frames, paste the asset per frame, re-encode, concat back) — ffmpeg overlay can't take a time-varying position easily, so a static x/y visibly drifts off the target. If the measured drift across the window is small (< ~10px), a static position is fine — measure both ends to decide.

Verify

Spot-check the output with frame at the overlay's mid-window timestamp. For timing/motion correctness on re-encoded sources, dump frames sequentially (ffmpeg -i out.mp4 -vf fps=10 /tmp/f_%03d.png) rather than trusting a single seeked frame.