express

Express Skill

Expert assistance for building Node.js APIs with Express.js.

Capabilities

• Configure Express applications with middleware
• Implement RESTful routing patterns
• Handle errors with custom middleware
• Apply security best practices
• Set up validation and parsing
• Configure production deployments

Usage

Invoke this skill when you need to:

• Build REST APIs with Express
• Implement middleware pipelines
• Handle errors gracefully
• Add authentication/authorization
• Set up API documentation

Inputs

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
routePath	string	Yes	Route path prefix
methods	array	Yes	HTTP methods
middleware	array	No	Middleware to apply
validation	boolean	No	Add validation

Patterns

Application Setup

// src/app.ts
import express, { Express, Request, Response, NextFunction } from 'express';
import cors from 'cors';
import helmet from 'helmet';
import compression from 'compression';
import morgan from 'morgan';
import { rateLimit } from 'express-rate-limit';

import { errorHandler, notFoundHandler } from './middleware/error';
import { usersRouter } from './routes/users';
import { authRouter } from './routes/auth';

export function createApp(): Express {
  const app = express();

  // Security middleware
  app.use(helmet());
  app.use(cors({
    origin: process.env.CORS_ORIGIN || 'http://localhost:3000',
    credentials: true,
  }));

  // Rate limiting
  app.use(rateLimit({
    windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000,
    max: 100,
    standardHeaders: true,
    legacyHeaders: false,
  }));

  // Parsing
  app.use(express.json({ limit: '10kb' }));
  app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: true, limit: '10kb' }));

  // Compression and logging
  app.use(compression());
  app.use(morgan(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' ? 'combined' : 'dev'));

  // Routes
  app.use('/api/auth', authRouter);
  app.use('/api/users', usersRouter);

  // Health check
  app.get('/health', (req, res) => {
    res.json({ status: 'ok', timestamp: new Date().toISOString() });
  });

  // Error handling
  app.use(notFoundHandler);
  app.use(errorHandler);

  return app;
}

Router with Controllers

// src/routes/users.ts
import { Router } from 'express';
import { UsersController } from '../controllers/users.controller';
import { authenticate, authorize } from '../middleware/auth';
import { validate } from '../middleware/validate';
import { createUserSchema, updateUserSchema } from '../schemas/user.schema';

const router = Router();
const controller = new UsersController();

router.get('/', authenticate, controller.findAll);
router.get('/:id', authenticate, controller.findById);
router.post('/', authenticate, authorize('admin'), validate(createUserSchema), controller.create);
router.put('/:id', authenticate, validate(updateUserSchema), controller.update);
router.delete('/:id', authenticate, authorize('admin'), controller.delete);

export { router as usersRouter };

// src/controllers/users.controller.ts
import { Request, Response, NextFunction } from 'express';
import { UsersService } from '../services/users.service';

export class UsersController {
  private service = new UsersService();

  findAll = async (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    try {
      const { page = 1, limit = 10, search } = req.query;
      const users = await this.service.findAll({
        page: Number(page),
        limit: Number(limit),
        search: search as string,
      });
      res.json(users);
    } catch (error) {
      next(error);
    }
  };

  findById = async (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    try {
      const user = await this.service.findById(req.params.id);
      if (!user) {
        return res.status(404).json({ error: 'User not found' });
      }
      res.json(user);
    } catch (error) {
      next(error);
    }
  };

  create = async (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    try {
      const user = await this.service.create(req.body);
      res.status(201).json(user);
    } catch (error) {
      next(error);
    }
  };

  update = async (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    try {
      const user = await this.service.update(req.params.id, req.body);
      res.json(user);
    } catch (error) {
      next(error);
    }
  };

  delete = async (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    try {
      await this.service.delete(req.params.id);
      res.status(204).send();
    } catch (error) {
      next(error);
    }
  };
}

Middleware Patterns

// src/middleware/auth.ts
import { Request, Response, NextFunction } from 'express';
import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken';

export interface AuthRequest extends Request {
  user?: {
    id: string;
    email: string;
    role: string;
  };
}

export function authenticate(req: AuthRequest, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
  const token = req.headers.authorization?.replace('Bearer ', '');

  if (!token) {
    return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Authentication required' });
  }

  try {
    const decoded = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET!) as AuthRequest['user'];
    req.user = decoded;
    next();
  } catch {
    return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid token' });
  }
}

export function authorize(...roles: string[]) {
  return (req: AuthRequest, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    if (!req.user || !roles.includes(req.user.role)) {
      return res.status(403).json({ error: 'Insufficient permissions' });
    }
    next();
  };
}

// src/middleware/validate.ts
import { Request, Response, NextFunction } from 'express';
import { ZodSchema, ZodError } from 'zod';

export function validate(schema: ZodSchema) {
  return (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    try {
      schema.parse(req.body);
      next();
    } catch (error) {
      if (error instanceof ZodError) {
        return res.status(400).json({
          error: 'Validation failed',
          details: error.errors,
        });
      }
      next(error);
    }
  };
}

// src/middleware/error.ts
import { Request, Response, NextFunction } from 'express';

export class AppError extends Error {
  constructor(
    public statusCode: number,
    public message: string,
    public isOperational = true
  ) {
    super(message);
  }
}

export function notFoundHandler(req: Request, res: Response) {
  res.status(404).json({ error: 'Not found' });
}

export function errorHandler(
  err: Error,
  req: Request,
  res: Response,
  next: NextFunction
) {
  console.error(err);

  if (err instanceof AppError) {
    return res.status(err.statusCode).json({ error: err.message });
  }

  res.status(500).json({
    error: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production'
      ? 'Internal server error'
      : err.message,
  });
}

Async Handler Wrapper

// src/utils/asyncHandler.ts
import { Request, Response, NextFunction, RequestHandler } from 'express';

type AsyncRequestHandler = (
  req: Request,
  res: Response,
  next: NextFunction
) => Promise<any>;

export function asyncHandler(fn: AsyncRequestHandler): RequestHandler {
  return (req, res, next) => {
    Promise.resolve(fn(req, res, next)).catch(next);
  };
}

// Usage
router.get('/', asyncHandler(async (req, res) => {
  const users = await usersService.findAll();
  res.json(users);
}));

Best Practices

• Use middleware for cross-cutting concerns
• Implement proper error handling
• Validate all inputs
• Apply security middleware (helmet, cors, rate limit)
• Structure code with controllers and services

Target Processes

• nodejs-api-development
• rest-api-development
• mern-stack-development
• backend-architecture